Increasing human population Essay

It can transfer genes across species boundaries; more importantly, across huge taxonomic divides. It can also enable the incorporation of laboratory synthesised nucleic acids for designer purposes. GM foods can be divided into those that contain tissues and nucleic acids from the GM source organism (e. g. tomato puree) and those that contain purified derivatives that may be chemically indistinguishable from the same ingredients isolated from non-GMO`s (e. g. the phospholipid, lecithin and other specified oils and proteins from Soya). Provided these purified ingredients are chemically identical to those from non-GMO sources, they should not alter existing health risks. Unfortunately, complete purity is unachievable. Foods that contain original GMO tissue may contain unexpected components and alien nucleotide sequences. The Questions arise: can alien nucleotide sequences be transferred to the gut micro-organisms or be absorbed by human tissues, perhaps through phagocytosis or the agency of viral transduction?. If they can, what are the risks to human health generated as a consequence?. The Biochemist P32 October 1999 ? 1999 The Biochemical Society The technology will allow us to create in major crop plants materials we formerly had to obtain from other sources – such as industrial feed stocks or medicines. Pepper. G. Crop Sciences Dept University of Illinois Crops that resist drought and disease promise to transform the lives of poor farmers -if only they could afford them Five million Brazilians faced starvation this year. This time it was a drought related to El Nii o that halved grain crops in the northeast of the country, but next year it will be something else. Famine is perennial in Brazil. In September Monsanto, the world’s largest supplier of genetically modified seeds, announced it would invest $550 million in Brazil to build a factory producing its herbicide Roundup. Shortly afterwards the Brazilian government made Monsanto’s Roundup-resistant Soya beans the country’s first legally approved, genetically engineered crop. The Soya beans will boost profits for the big landowners who grow them to feed beef cattle for export. But most rural Brazilians are subsistence farmers who do not grow Soya. No help will trickle down from Monsanto’s beans to the starving millions. The story exemplifies the limited contribution genetically modified crops have made so far to eradicating world hunger. It is not that biotech companies are uninterested in the developing world. Far from it: Brazil and other newly industrialising countries are in fact prime targets, with their growing demand for agricultural products, little opposition to biotechnology, and farmers who have risen above hard graft subsistence, but have not yet become customers of the world’s seed and agrochemicals conglomerates. Crops that thrive despite drought and salty soils could also let farmers expand production into marginal lands. And the nutritional content of staples could be improved. If maize, for example, can be made to produce more of the amino acids it naturally lacks, the 80 million people who live almost exclusively on maize would get more protein. Ganesh Kishore, head of nutrition at Monsanto, says: â€Å"We can make it into a complete balanced meal. † Arber. W. (Article: The Bio industry Association 1999 http://www. bioindustry. org/) Genetically modified crops are no more dangerous to the environment than traditional crops and could boost corn, rice and other food yields by as much as 25 percent in developing countries http://www.freep. com/news/health/qdiet141. htm Foods can also be genetically modified to ensure that they last longer by removing or adding certain genes. This process gives them a greater shelf life and means they are less prone to bruising when in transit. They are also less likely to lose their colour and more importantly, retain more of their nutrients. This ultimately gives consumers a better product and reduces the amount of waste for the producers and retailers. Proteins vital to our diets can be added to foods which don’t ordinarily contain them, which is important for people lacking them. In time, this will also be true of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. http://www. futuradesign. co. uk/gm/ With respect to the information I have studied herein I conclude that genetic modification of foods is not without some induced risk as totally alien genes are being inserted into organisms from unrelated species. This has been shown to possibly alter the new organism’s `properties` as a food substrate either beneficially or adversely. I believe that GM foods have great potential in providing food for an ever increasing population where more traditional agricultural techniques may struggle to cope or fail. However, efficient regulation of the market is necessary and the proactive techniques which have developed to meet this demand may have played a significant part in public rejectance of GM techniques in some countries. 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Computer Integrated Manufacturing and Management

American steel industry fell behind the Japanese industry, so changes had to be made in the processes of manufacturing. Nucor Steel opened in 1989 in Indiana and made a revolution in steel industry. Keith Russe is the general manager of the plant. The Nucor plant is rather small, but they produce 800,000 tons of steel each year. The reason of high productivity is the computer integrated manufacturing and management. Team work is also very important. The computer system integrates business information, process control, and the machines. It uses 1100 databases, 500 programs that create unlimited possibilities. Orders are placed from the very beginning into the computer, and it is process totally by the computer as well. Nucor uses pull system that connects the purchase order to raw materials, manufacturing process, and shipping. From scrap yard, the workers feed scrap into furnaces, where it melts into steel lava, and it is then moved into continuous caster, then to computer controlled gas premise, and then to the finishing room. Tags are put on the finished coils. Computer screens tell what each customer wants. As a result of the success, another plant was opened in Arkansas. With the help of new technologies, procedures, and computer integrated manufacturing, the American steel industry managed to gain the market share. American steel industry fell behind the Japanese industry, so changes had to be made in the processes of manufacturing. Nucor Steel opened in 1989 in Indiana and made a revolution in steel industry. Keith Russe is the general manager of the plant. The Nucor plant is rather small, but they produce 800,000 tons of steel each year. The reason of high productivity is the computer integrated manufacturing and management. Team work is also very important. The computer system integrates business information, process control, and the machines. It uses 1100 databases, 500 programs that create unlimited possibilities. Orders are placed from the very beginning into the computer, and it is process totally by the computer as well. Nucor uses pull system that connects the purchase order to raw materials, manufacturing process, and shipping. From scrap yard, the workers feed scrap into furnaces, where it melts into steel lava, and it is then moved into continuous caster, then to computer controlled gas premise, and then to the finishing room. Tags are put on the finished coils. Computer screens tell what each customer wants. As a result of the success, another plant was opened in Arkansas. With the help of new technologies, procedures, and computer integrated manufacturing, the American steel industry managed to gain the market share. American steel industry fell behind the Japanese industry, so changes had to be made in the processes of manufacturing. Nucor Steel opened in 1989 in Indiana and made a revolution in steel industry. Keith Russe is the general manager of the plant. The Nucor plant is rather small, but they produce 800,000 tons of steel each year. The reason of high productivity is the computer integrated manufacturing and management. Team work is also very important. The computer system integrates business information, process control, and the machines. It uses 1100 databases, 500 programs that create unlimited possibilities. Orders are placed from the very beginning into the computer, and it is process totally by the computer as well. Nucor uses pull system that connects the purchase order to raw materials, manufacturing process, and shipping. From scrap yard, the workers feed scrap into furnaces, where it melts into steel lava, and it is then moved into continuous caster, then to computer controlled gas premise, and then to the finishing room. Tags are put on the finished coils. Computer screens tell what each customer wants. As a result of the success, another plant was opened in Arkansas. With the help of new technologies, procedures, and computer integrated manufacturing, the American steel industry managed to gain the market share. American steel industry fell behind the Japanese industry, so changes had to be made in the processes of manufacturing. Nucor Steel opened in 1989 in Indiana and made a revolution in steel industry. Keith Russe is the general manager of the plant. The Nucor plant is rather small, but they produce 800,000 tons of steel each year. The reason of high productivity is the computer integrated manufacturing and management. Team work is also very important. The computer system integrates business information, process control, and the machines. It uses 1100 databases, 500 programs that create unlimited possibilities. Orders are placed from the very beginning into the computer, and it is process totally by the computer as well. Nucor uses pull system that connects the purchase order to raw materials, manufacturing process, and shipping. From scrap yard, the workers feed scrap into furnaces, where it melts into steel lava, and it is then moved into continuous caster, then to computer controlled gas premise, and then to the finishing room. Tags are put on the finished coils. Computer screens tell what each customer wants. As a result of the success, another plant was opened in Arkansas. With the help of new technologies, procedures, and computer integrated manufacturing, the American steel industry managed to gain the market share. American steel industry fell behind the Japanese industry, so changes had to be made in the processes of manufacturing. Nucor Steel opened in 1989 in Indiana and made a revolution in steel industry. Keith Russe is the general manager of the plant. The Nucor plant is rather small, but they produce 800,000 tons of steel each year. The reason of high productivity is the computer integrated manufacturing and management. Team work is also very important. The computer system integrates business information, process control, and the machines. It uses 1100 databases, 500 programs that create unlimited possibilities. Orders are placed from the very beginning into the computer, and it is process totally by the computer as well. Nucor uses pull system that connects the purchase order to raw materials, manufacturing process, and shipping. From scrap yard, the workers feed scrap into furnaces, where it melts into steel lava, and it is then moved into continuous caster, then to computer controlled gas premise, and then to the finishing room. Tags are put on the finished coils. Computer screens tell what each customer wants. As a result of the success, another plant was opened in Arkansas. With the help of new technologies, procedures, and computer integrated manufacturing, the American steel industry managed to gain the market share.

A brief report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A brief report - Essay Example wn by many researchers and this was evident from the literature review (Part B) that the stress management is something which needs to be managed by the individual itself. Although there are various factors that result in the creation of stress but they need to be tackled so that the side-effects of it can be avoided in future (Haider and Supriya, 2007). In order to cope with the stress, the third part of the paper will shed light on the practical implications of stress management. There are two folds in the implications; one is related to my personal implication, how I acquired this skill and the second is related to its implication in the broader world which comprises mainly of the work environment. Before starting the discussion on how I have managed to cope up with my stress problem, it is important that I briefly outline the misconception that I had in my mind. The common mistake that is found by many people is that they use depression and stress interchangeably (Ballesteros and Whitlock, n.d.) but in reality both are totally different type of mental illnesses (Gall et al., 2003). Depression is an extreme case in which the person suffering from it needs medical treatment whereas stress is something that can occur in anyone’s life in daily routine such as reaching school on time, attending the meeting, preparing for the exams, dealing with the boss and many more (Gall et al., 2003). Therefore, in order to overcome my stress level in my daily routine, I followed the tips highlighted by Dr. Jenni (2007) and Osseck et al. (2004) which helped me to develop effective techniques that I can apply whenever I feel stressed. The foremost thing is managing the stress is to identify the problem and I was aware of the fact that I used to get nervous and panic a lot in stressful situation. When I reflected on my behaviour, I realized that I had two problems i.e. lack of self-confidence which hindered my communication and presentation skills and ineffective management

Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Communication - Essay Example Time of communication is also a very important factor. Distortion of facts and information can be a huge deterrent to effective communication. Eye contact, gestures, movement, posture, and written communication all comprise effective non verbal communication. Good eye contact helps credibility of the message. People rely on visual clues to help them decide on whether to attend to a message or not. If they find that someone isnt looking at them when they are being spoken to, they feel uneasy. This can be achieved by slowly scanning the entire audience, focusing on particular areas of the audience and looking at individual members of the audience for about five seconds per person. Breaking eye-to-eye contact down to four or five second chunks often aids effective communication. Most of people when talking, use hands and face to help describe an event or object—powerful nonverbal aids. It should be ensured that any movement made is meaningful. Body posture also aids or mars communication. A strong, upright, positive body posture not only helps breathing easier (good for helping to calm nerves!) but also transmits a message of authority, confidence, trust and power. One can achieve great body posture but without internal mental and emotional posture the words will sound hollow to your audience. Nowadays email has become an effective way of communicating but one has to remember certain unwritten rules. Emails without subjects or irrelevant subjects seem to be about nothing and will naturally hamper communication without even beginning it. Incorrect grammar and spellings will also severely hamper communication since people will question the caliber of the communicator. E-mail makes everything easier and faster including making a powerful business impression and establishing positive professional

Strategic Perspectives, TESLA Company Case Study

Strategic Perspectives, TESLA Company - Case Study Example In particular, this paper looks at PESTEL analysis and Porter’s 5 Forces Model as they relate to Tesla Motors. The report also assesses the value chain and resource base view of Tesla Motors with the intension of determining the key competencies and capabilities of the company. Finally, the paper explores the business level strategy and PR crises of Tesla Motors within the short span that it has been in existence. Tesla Motors have been in operation since Nikola Tesla, alongside JB Straubel and Elon Musk, founded it. Since its inception, the automobile company has been growing in terms of revenue and scale of operation largely because of its innovative strategies and growth of the industry. For example, Elon Musk, who is the current CEO of Tesla Motors, announced the first profitable Quarter for the company in March 2013. With Tesla Roadster as the company’s first production, cars, Tesla Motors has advanced over the years to design and manufacture Model S and cars with electric powertrains. Owing to the dynamic nature of the automobile industry and the Public Relations Crises that many companies within the automobile industry, Tesla included, undergo, it is important to carry out a thorough analysis in order to establish the financial and strategic position of Tesla Motors. Some of the major analyses that are crucial in Tesla motors case include strategic analysis, PR crises analysis, and the analysis of both internal & external environment of the company (Carlson 2013,  p. 206).

Career Field Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Career Field Analysis - Essay Example A case for this type of lawyer includes the handling of representation for clients whose injuries have resulted from negligence or harm by another person, government organ, and company or through another party. In essence, a personal injury lawyer safeguards the interests of citizens, employees, and consumers of products as they handle cases of injuries that may result from the use of faulty consumable products, automobile, medical negligence, work related injuries among a list of other possible causes. As much as this line of work focuses on attaining compensation for a plaintiff, it involves intense research over a case in which the lawyer has the obligation of applying ethical practice in the execution of their duty (Currier and Thomas 18). Over the years, a personal injury law practice has been on the increase with the increase aspects of industrialization and globalization, but this has also met quite a number of resistances especially in the USA. Many of the civil personal injury cases have been successful as the complainants have been able to secure adequate compensation for the injuries acquired from accidental or neglectful causes either at their places of work or through the government making this practice to relevant to the current times. As earlier mentioned, a personal injury lawyer begins practice by studying all aspects of law, then branch out to specialize in this line of defending the rights of the oppressed. Therefore, there is no shorter way to being this type of lawyer as one has to branch out and specialize in one aspect of personal injury litigation. The specialization aspect helps a personal injury lawyer to gain experience and knowledge in one area of litigation in order for them to deliver representation that is of quality to the clients that they represent. Some begin as personal injury lawyers practicing in other people’s law firms, then end up setting up their own practices after

Professtional Practice in Bioscience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Professtional Practice in Bioscience - Assignment Example From the overview of the selection criteria, one could deduce that I am highly qualified to work as a JRA for your Cell Signaling Unit given my skills in time management, collaborately working within a team, and the ability to adapt and adjust to the organization’s culture. Likewise, I have manifested excellent computer skills and familiarity with basic computer packages used in a laboratory; therefore, I would be able to assist in recording and analysis of information generated in the dynamin drug discovery. I am an Australian citizen and therefore possess valid work rights in Australia. To assist you in further evaluating my application, I am hereby attaching me curriculum vitae, evidence of work rights in Australia, a copy of my academic transcript, and the contact details of three professional referees, as needed. I would be available for any required examination or interview at your most convenient time. My contact numbers are thereby indicated in the attached curriculum vitae for your perusal. I would be looking forward to hearing from you soon. I am confident that if chosen for the position, my inclusion to your prestigious organization would exemplify a symbiotic relationship as I look forward to being an instrumental contributor to your Cell Signaling Unit in the near future. To work as a bioscience practitioners in a research facility or biological science organization that offers opportunities for personal and professional advancement where I can apply theoretical background, work expertise, and various technical, cognitive, and research skills that would assist in new discoveries and applications in the biological science

Arthur Andersen LLP Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arthur Andersen LLP - Case Study Example Strategic changes that occurred in the organization’s life include development of a reputable character that established it in the accounting and auditing market. Later changes that suggest unethical practices such as collaboration with Enron’s accountants however transformed Andersen to its downturn and collapse. Application of soft strategies is another change that occurred in the organization’s life. Conflict between departments into integration also identifies strategic change in the company’s environment. Organizational changes that Andersen realized are change from a centralized management to a disintegrated organization with independent managerial authority at branch level. Administrative policies for higher profits and lower costs are another organizational change in the organization and identified punitive reward and punitive measures depending on an employee’s level of success. Expansion to new areas of specialization and a shift form ethical values are other organizational changes that are evident from the organization’s life. Evaluation of Andersen’s claim that their problems on the Enron audit were due to a few bad partners Anderson’s claim that its problems were caused by a few bad partners is not valid. This is because the problem was a culmination of bad decisions that failed to resolve the organization’s problems such as need to maximize profits. The decision to set high targets for employees and punish in case of failure to meet the target is an example of causes of the problem because it forced the employees to explore all possible alternatives to avoiding the punishments. Integrating Enron’s accounting personnel into the organization is another indicator the management was aware of the practices at Enron because it never reacted. Duncan’s decision to move Enron’s $ 30 million ao a $ 50 million account is another indicator that Anderson was aware of a malicious practice because it took no action against the bad decision. If the problem had been a few individual then the organization could have been moved to correct malpractices before the final fall. 3. Possible actions as the Andersen’s managing partner in the early 1990s If I were a managing partner at the time, I would have preferred a different strategy. I would have explored a branding strategy towards retaining the organization’s existing clients and for attracting more clients. Developing on the already popular brand of quality services that are based on integrity would be my basis. Increased number of clients towards higher cumulative profit margins, even at lower margins, would then help the organization into a more competitive competition. This would at the same time care for employee’s interest in their income and job security and maintain an ethical culture. 4. Relationship between what happened at Andersen

Procter & Gamble's International strategy Essay

Procter & Gamble's International strategy - Essay Example After the Second World War, P&G had started its international and global expansion in manufacturing and sales. In 1954 P&G has started its international activity in Europe leasing a detergent manufacturer.In 1980 P&G became a global company, and after a period of successful mergers and acquisitions with such brands as Noxell, Max Factor and Ellen Betrix, P&G expands its global presence. In 1993, the 50% of sales came outside the USA (P&G history, 2003). Recent years, P&G has shifted its global focus to core brands and price reduction measures. This strategy has helped P&G to maintained high-speed growth through continuous optimization of its product mix and constant technological innovation. For instance, "Procter & Gamble were able to secure a significant amount of unhindered time to capture sales whilst Hindustan Lever was scrambling to adjust prices on its newly released stocks" (Executive summary, 2005). Today, P&G follows a differentiation strategy and ensures that the higher price it charges for its higher quality is not priced too far above the competition or else customers will not see the extra quality as worth the extra cost. According to company's executive P&G's main business strategy include: Focusers help P&G to achieve better differentiation or lower cost in ... cent of profits - and on our leading retail customers (Lafley, n.d.). Focusers help P&G to achieve better differentiation or lower cost in separate market segments (Latin America), but they also lose to broadly targeted competitors when the segment's uniqueness fades or demand disappears. Changes to one area of the value chain has knock-on effects in other parts of the business. P&G "shut down under-performing businesses and exited non-strategic businesses and discontinued product lines like Olay Cosmetics and geographic expansions like tissue/towel into Asia" (Lafley, n.d.). This strategy helps to concentrate on core brands and create customers loyalty. The global strategy is to aim at a particular target (international) market. One of the main functions of global and international promotional activity is of course to influence the perceptions of the consumer. P&G maintain policy of product standardization in order to sell them around the world under the same brand. The business strategy of P&G is "value pricing strategy" during which it boosted advertising while simultaneously curbing its distribution channel deals (in-store displays, trade deals), and significantly reducing its coupon promotions" (Thomas, Bollen, 2004). The stronger each of these forces is, the more P&G is free in its ability to earn greater profits. This strategy was successful because the bargaining power of buyers had a strong influence upon the business. P&G, producing differentiated products, is brand loyal, and potential new entrants encounters resistance in trying to enter the industry. Value pricing strategy is also an important factor in increasing the costs for customers of switching the products of new competitors. Value pricing strategy had the following impact:

United Colors of Benetton Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

United Colors of Benetton - Case Study Example These are special skills on product design and manufacturing procedures related to cutting and dying. Still, their networking or outsourcing activities remain in the confines of their territory in Italy. Contrary to the prevailing business models in their industry at the given period, even their retail shops are outsourced in the form of informal licensing. By informal it means that most of their transactions whether in manufacturing or retailing are based on handshakes mostly with no written or formal agreements. Conversely, their major competitors Gap and Zara own and control their retail shops. It is estimated that about 85% of business operations are outsourced. Their vast networking strategy paved the way for their tremendous growth not only in Italy but in other countries as well. These licensees played a significant role through financing other aspects of Benetton operations hence allowing the latter to focus their hard work and resources to their core competencies. The embodiment of its strategic outsourcing initiative is evidently shown in its five-stage process for its international expansion. The gauge of their successful expansion must result to buy out of their licensee or subsidiary and integrating it under Benetton management.

Aunt Jennifers Tiger Essay Example for Free

Aunt Jennifers Tiger Essay Aunt Jennifer’s tigers is a poem by Adrienne Rich illustrating her feminist concerns. In the male dominant world, a women of her time was only supposed to be a dutiful homemaker. This poem through the world of Aunty Jennifer, tells us about her inner desire to free herself from the clutches of abusive marriage and patriarchal society. Poem Summary The first stanza opens with Aunt Jennifer’s visual tapestry of tigers who are fearless of their environment. Bright topaz[1] denizens[2] of a world of green – evoke an image that these regal tigers are unafraid of other beings in the jungle. Bright here signifies their powerful and radiant persona. There is a sense of certainty and confidence in the way these tigers move as can be seen in the line – They pace in sleek chivalric[3] certainty. In the second stanza, the reality of Aunt Jennifer is revealed as she is feeble, weak and enslaved, very much the opposite of the tigers she was knitting. Her physical and mental trauma is depicted in the line – find even the ivory needle hard to pull. Even though a wedding ring doesn’t weigh much, the massive weight of uncle’s wedding band, sits heavily upon Aunt Jennifer’s hand signifies the amount of dominance her husband exercised over her. This also means that her inner free spirit has been jailed by the patriarchal society[4]. The last stanza starts on a creepy note about Aunt Jennifer’s death. Even her death couldn’t free her from the ordeals she went through which can be seen in When Aunt is dead, her terrified hands will lie still ringed with ordeals she was mastered by. While driving from her parent’s home to Cochin, she notices her mother sitting beside her dozing, her face pale like a dead body and her thoughts far away. This reminds her painfully that her mother is old and could pass away leaving her alone. Putting that thought aside she looked out at the young trees speeding by and children running out of their homes happily to play. These remind her probably of youth and life, her own younger days and her mother when she was young. But after the security check at the airport, looking back at her mother standing a few yards away, she finds her looking pale like the winter moon. She feels that familiar pain and childhood fear of the thought of losing her mother and of being lonely just as she had been when she was young because she was different from other children. She could only keep smiling and tell her ‘see you soon’ knowing full well that she might not see her.

Mobile Operating Systems Essay Example for Free

Mobile Operating Systems Essay The purpose of this research paper is to provide a basic overview of what a mobile operating system is and the different options available to choose from. Many issues arise when determining which mobile OS is the best for each user, such as security issues, availability of apps, compatibility with other hardware, etc. These are all fundamental aspects to consider when choosing what mobile OS someone would want to invest in when choosing their smartphone of choice. The most popular mobile OS’s are developed specifically for smartphones, while other feature-rich phones use stripped down mobile version of an OS that doesn’t provide as many features and capabilities as more advanced mobile operating systems. These higher end mobile operating systems that we will be focusing on are iOS, Android, Windows Phone, Blackberry, and webOS. While there does exist a greater variety of mobile operating systems, the following operating systems are the main OS’s that exist in the United States and around the world. What is a mobile operating system? How do you know which mobile OS is the best one to fit the specific needs of a user or business? Those questions will hopefully be answered by analyzing the mobile OS industry and what each mobile OS has to offer in terms of features, capabilities, and the availability of services within the OS. The Smartphone Market Today Over the last few years, companies have taken the initiative to make mobility a strong focus among modern day uses. And smartphones have become a prime target to dry and develop for to achieve top market share over the competition. Mobile operating systems is an industry that is in its growth cycle, making it more and more enticing for companies to enter the market. There are a couple manufacturer-built operating systems, which is Apple’s iOS operating system, RIM’s Blackberry OS, and HP’s webOS. Third party propriety operating systems consist of Microsoft’s Windows Phone 7, and a few open-sourced operating systems are Google’s Android OS, etc. (Haroon, 2011) The Importance of Mobile Operating Systems In America, the importance and significance of what mobile operating system you are using has become more and more of a topic of discussion. Many tech sites and blog sites are comparing the top mobile OS and providing a side by side comparison to determine which the best one is. But the bottom line is, each mobile OS provides great features and has been polished and developed over many versions throughout the years that each one ends up being a good OS. It all ends up to what the user want, and what specific needs the user requires that is met by the right mobile OS. Around the globe, â€Å"IDC say 157. 8 million smartphones sold worldwide in Q4 2011, bringing the total for the year to 491. 4 million units. (Haroon, 2011) The first Apple iOS version was released with the iPhone in 2007. The OS’s intuitive and easy to use ability has given the OS the competitive advantage and its features. The first iteration of iOS lacked many features that other smartphone operating systems had but Apple quickly began to develop more and more features that customers requested, like copy paste, tethering, etc. Blackberry is developed by RIM and has been a tremendous success throughout the business world, and became the choice of smartphone when it was first released. Although it had a lot of success initially, it began to decline with the increase of competition of Android and iOS. HP webOS was HP’s attempt to get into the mobile industry, when Palm first initially built webOS. It did not catch on among consumers and never gained enough market share to be competitive. Android is Google’s take on how mobile operating systems should be; open and user customizable. It was developed in 2005 and saw a huge growth and has quickly become the mobile OS of choice amongst many across the world. iOS by Apple The iOS mobile OS, formerly known as iPhone OS, was unveiled on January 9, 2007 at the Macworld Conference Expo. It was then later released to the public with the release of the first iPhone later that June. The iPhone was one of the first smartphones that revolutionized the smartphone industry and set a new standard to how smartphones should be today and the vision for the future. iOS quickly became so popular that Apple began to use the iOS to operate other devices such as the iPod touch, iPad 1 + 2, and the Apple TV. Shortly after the release of the iPhone, Apple then announced that a Software Development Kit (SDK) was under development and would be in the hands of developers soon. This led to an influx of developers rushing to the mobile OS to find new and intuitive ways that users can interact with their phone through third party applications. The AppStore was a success when released and apps were being developed at an extraordinary pace for the iPhone. To develop and make apps for iOS, you must have a keen understanding to develop using Xcode and objective-C. (Since the release of Xcode 3. , Xcode is the development environment for the iOS SDK. iPhone applications, like iOS and Mac OS X, are written in Objective-C. † (O’Dell, 2012) iOS is essentially a home screen with app icons with limited customization options for the user, but this is what made the iPhone so popular. It was easy to use and intuitive. It was easy for a new person entering the smartphone market to pick up the iPhone and learn how to use it within a matter of a few minutes. Although it doesn’t provide the heavy customizing options like Android, it stands up fairly well against the competition and the sales of the iPhone, iPod, and iPad prove that. Android by Google Android, Inc. was initially founded in Palo Alto, California in 2003 by Andy Rubin. Android, Inc. was then later acquired by Google in 2005 and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Google. With the support and funding of Google, Android quickly became a mobile OS force to be reckoned with. Android is a mobile OS that is Linux-based for smartphones and tablets. â€Å"Android has a large community of developers writing applications (apps) that extend the functionality of the devices. Developers write primarily in a customized version of Java. Apps can be downloaded from third-party sites or through online stores such as Android Market, the app store run by Google. † Google had one thing in mind when it came to Android, and that was to compete head to head against Apple’s iOS. Since the introduction of Android, many updates have been released adding new features and capabilities that kept it being on par with the iPhone, and sometimes even exceeding in areas that iOS lacked, such as multi-tasking and customization options. One of the primary reasons Android became so successful was due to its open source environment. Manufacturers from all over the world began to develop smartphones integrating the Android OS while also developing a customized version of their own take on Android on top of it. HTC, Samsung, and Motorola are a few of many that are known for providing customized versions of Android that make it a more customizable phone experience for users. (Newman, 2012) While Android has seen an extraordinary growth and positive feedback from consumers in recent years, along with the OS comes its downfalls and negatives. One aspect that has always plagued Android from the beginning and has only gotten worse is this idea of fragmentation. Google releases a handful of updates throughout the year, and due to the openness of Android, hardware manufacturers have always been given the freedom to customize Android in their own way making their devices differentiate from the competition. This has only caused these updates that Google releases during the year to not be readily available once the update is pushed out. Consumers are finding themselves craving for the latest Android update only to be waiting for months and months after it is released. Google seems to be listening and plans to reduce fragmentation across its operating system starting with the release of Ice Cream Sandwich (Android 4. 0). Google is making it mandatory that any smartphone or tablet that has the Android Market installed will have to by default make the new â€Å"Holo† theme that ICS introduced. This is a step in the right direction for Android and the result of this change will hopefully be speedier delivery of future Android updates. (Purewal, 2012) Google has had tremendous success no doubt with its Android mobile operating system. Following the steps of the OS version dubbed â€Å"gingerbread†, Ice Scream Sandwich followed suit implementing new features and user interface changes that make Android more modern and competitive against the iPhone. But Google is already taking its next step in the next version of Android. Android 5. 0, which will be dubbed â€Å"Jelly Bean†, is the next version Google plans to release following the Ice Cream Sandwich release. This version of the mobile OS will implement better tablet handling for the new features and UI changes that were introduced in Ice Scream Sandwich. Even though Ice Cream Sandwich just came out of its wrapper, the upcoming release of Windows 8 has supposedly inspired Google to speed up its release schedule. Android 5. 0 is rumored to have Chrome integration; Also in DigiTimes report were hints that Android 5. 0 Jelly Bean will come in two flavors: Google and Microsoft. The article said that brand vendors can either choose to adopt only Android 5. 0 or add Android 5. 0 to Windows 8 devices with the ability to switch between the two OSes without the need to shut down the computer. (Slattery, 2012) With these rumors surfacing up, it’s looking like a bright future for Android and the types of integration Google has planned for the OS among other devices. If the rumors come out to be true, Apple may have something to be worried about. Blackberry by RIM (Research In Motion) In the business world, RIM was a company that everyone knew about. Businesses from all over the world knew that if people were to have a smartphone in a business, the best choice would be a blackberry. Although RIM has lost its market share it once had, it will always be remembered as one of the best mobile OS in for a business. Blackberry is a propriety operating system developed by Research In Motion which debuted in January 1999 with version 1. 0 for the Pager Blackberry 580. Throughout the years, RIM began to continue adding new features implementing input devices such as track wheel, track ball, and most recently, the track pad and touchscreen. iOS and Android began competing for the smartphone market releasing updates for their mobile OS that in ways surpassed the capabilities and features of the once king Blackberry OS. (Kerr, 2012) In 2011, RIM released Blackberry OS 7. version which was long rumored to implement features found within other popular mobile OS. But something always plagued the Blackberry OS. Apps did not catch on within the Blackberry atmosphere as it did with the iPhone. Developers did not find it easy to develop for the OS and thought that RIM did not have the hardware support needed to have such high quality apps. RIM began finding itself lagging behind the competition and to this day are still trying to find ways to climb back up the ladder they once were. Their recent attempts with OS 7. 0 are to tie in user interface concepts found within iOS, Android, and Windows Phone. Blackberry has always been an OS to differentiate itself from the competition, but this shift seems like the wrong direction for Blackberry. Instead of trying to nibble bits and pieces of other mobile OS’s, RIM needs to find new and innovative ways that it can stand out from its competition. Windows Phone 7 by Microsoft When people from all over the world speak about operating systems, Microsoft is the giant that comes to mind within the PC industry. Microsoft is a company that revolutionized the way individuals interact with computers and the capabilities available today. But Microsoft was once the giant for the mobile OS market as it was for the PC market. Windows Mobile was developed by Microsoft and it was based off of the Windows CE kernel. It supported applications that were developed by third party developers with no imposed restrictions by Microsoft. This allowed developer to build software that the Windows platform supported while also having the opportunity to profit from the software they made available. One of the most common features within Windows Mobile was the ability to multitask and also the ability to navigate a file system that was somewhat similar to that of Windows 9x/NT. The success Microsoft once had in the smartphone market soon came to an end. With the introduction of the iPhone by Apple, every competitor saw an uphill battle. Apple grabbed many developers in order to make the mobile OS a huge success like it is today. iOS introduced new features and rich native apps that were not found in any other mobile OS. In short, Windows Mobile looked very outdated compared to iOS. The success of iOS began to dethrone Microsoft from the top spot it once had, finding itself struggling to keep up with the competition. Microsoft released many software versions of Windows Mobile throughout the years; Windows Mobile 5, 6, 6. 1, 6. 5. But each software release did not have the impact Microsoft desired it to have. Microsoft knew it had to do something, and fast. So they introduced Windows Phone 7. Windows Phone 7 is the successor of the Windows Mobile operating system. It is developed by Microsoft and was launched in the second half of 2010 and early 2011 in Asia. This mobile OS was a complete redesign to what Microsoft was doing in all of its previous years with Windows Mobile. They adapted up to date technology and development tools that were relevant in today’s modern world, such as Silverlight. Microsoft had a whole new attitude with Windows Phone 7, and their mission is to see their competitors catch up to them. Microsoft offers a new user interface with its design language, Metro, integrates the operating system with third party and other Microsoft services, and controls the hardware on which it runs. One of the newest revisions of a mobile operating system has been Microsoft’s latest attempt of Windows on smartphone. Windows Mobile was an extreme failure that simply could not catch on as much as they tried. The operating system was buggy and not very user friendly for the usual smartphone customer. Windows Phone 7 is Microsoft’s latest attempt to try and turn around the future of Windows on mobile devices. Fackler states ten reasons why he believes it has an edge over Google’s Android operating system. The first being it’s user stream-lined user interface. â€Å"With WP7, you know what kind of interface you’re going to be working with, regardless of the handset manufacturer. † Secondly, it has an easier to user interface. WP7’s â€Å"tile† system is simply easier to organize and find the things you need to throughout the day. † Thirdly, Windows Phone 7 has a less amount of apps compared to Android that are crap. â€Å"WP7’s â€Å"tile† system is simply easier to organize and find the things you need to throughout the day. † The other reasons are, Microsoft live integration, Microsoft Mobile Office integration, less lawsuits compared to Android, stability, Zune integration, snappier keyboard, and lastly, no ad-ware. All of these reasons contribute to why Fackler states Windows Phone 7 has the competitive advantage over Android. Not everyone is clearly a fan of Android, and the important thing to always remember, is that there are other options available depending on the user and how they would prefer their mobile operating system experience to be. (Fackler, 2012) WebOS by HP There are a few varieties of mobile operating systems that exist today. iOS, Android, Blackberry, and Windows Phone 7 are proving to be the more dominant mobile OS within the world. But there was an operating system that was created in the days of Palm that saw a blurry vision. Palm created webOS to compete against the iOS which is developed by Apple. WebOS was one of the first mobile operating systems from an intuitive standpoint to give iOS a run for its money. It introduced a new way for multitasking on smartphones and implemented a great strategy to do so. It was a first of its kind really on any mobile operating system. WebOS also had a feature called Synergy. What Synergy did was pull information from other networks, and integrated that information seamlessly within the OS. This was an operating system that without the necessary support it needed, later began to suffer and fell into the hands of HP. HP purchased Palm for $1. billion and the future of webOS remained a mystery. HP later confirmed that it will stop producing webOS hardware products which meant no more tablets, smartphones, etc. But that does not mark the fate of webOS. HP announced that webOS will live on as an open source platform. â€Å"HP will make the underlying code of webOS available under an open source license. Developers, partners, HP engineers and other hardware manufacturers can deliver ongoing enhancements and new versions into the marketplace. † With the OS now being open sourced, will webOS finally get the hardware it deserves? This can only increase the amount of options we have available in the mobile operating systems industry. In recent months, Hewlett Packard made the decision to make the once popular webOS mobile operating system open-source. This means that developers and hardware manufacturers will have the opportunity to manipulate the OS in ways that were limited before. But some say that the problem was never in the fact that webOS was closed source; it was webOS and its initial development from the beginning that determined the failure of the mobile OS. WebOS relied on WebKit, which is an open-source software engine used by browsers to display Web pages. Mr. Mercer said that this was a mistake because it prevented the applications to run as fast enough to be on par compared to the iPhone. â€Å"WebOS app development team said the core issue with WebOS was actually Palm’s inability to turn it into a platform that could capture the enthusiasm and loyalty of outside programmers. † WebOS was developed in about nine months, and the company according to this former employee, took some short cuts to get there. Another issue that determined the outlook of webOS was recruitment. Back in 2009, it was hard to find programmers that had a good understanding and grasped the developmental oncepts involving WebKit. Mr. Mercer said that most of the top talent was already snatched up by Apple and Google. The former employees said that Jon Rubenstein, former Palm’s chief executive, because of his hardware background, he did not understand the logistics of creating a powerful new operating system, and he was ultimately responsible for the decision to rely on WebKit. Conclusion of Mobile Operating Systems Clearly, there are many options to choose from when it comes to smartphones today, and what mobile operating system is found underneath the hardware is just as important as the hardware it runs on. OS, Android, Blackberry, Windows Phone, and WebOS are all great platforms and provide different functionalities that cater to the needs of specific individuals. iOS caters more to a consumer friendly and business market, while Android caters more to people who love the option to customize their OS a lot. These mobile OS each offer new ways for you to enjoy your mobile experience, so it’s important that you realize which would be best for your individual or business need.

Content Analysis of Education Module

Content Analysis of Education Module CONTENT ANALYSIS ON ENGLISH MODULE BAHASA INGGRIS Dwi Aryani Abstract This research is aimed to evaluate the quality of the English module used by students of SMA N 6 Yogyakarta. There were many problems such as mistype, inappropriate content or material, and so on which were found inside the book. Then, the module used by the students should be evaluated on the content to know whether the book met the criteria of good module or not. The research was about case study using content analysis as the method. It used textbook evaluation criteria from Cunningsworth which contained ten aspects of evaluation and compared with the criteria of evaluation from Hutchinson and Waters. The evaluation concerned on the content such as language content and skill, the organization and appearance of the book. The result from Cunningsworth checklist showed that the book got 74. 25% which considered as good book. While the result from Hutchinson and Waters showed 78. 57%. The aspect which got low percentage was vocabulary and reading material, while the rest were considere d as good. From evaluation using two concepts from Cunningsworth which compared with the evaluation criteria by Hutchinson and Waters showed a little bit difference. The result showed differences in range 4. 32%. Keywords: module, content analysis, evaluation, and evaluation checklist INTRODUCTION Teaching resources are all materials that are used to facilitate in teaching and learning process. They can be divided into three forms which each has different functions and advantages. The first form of material is printed materials such as books, module or workbooks, worksheets, help the beginner teachers to cover and design each lesson carefully in detail. They also give all the plans and lessons that teachers need to present the topic in some details. Moreover, printed material can be used in any location or bring everywhere. Nonprinted materials like audio and video materials have their own advantages such as; inexpensive materials, since nonprinted materials have already prepared by the teachers and students should not buy it. There are materials that comprise both print and nonprint such as materials from internet which is also have some advantages. Internet provides many materials in a form of audio, text, picture, graphic and video. Students only need to access on the inter net pages suggested by the teachers and follow the instruction. It was quite easy for school which provides internet access (Richards-2002). Material has important roles in language teaching such as presentation resources, practice and communication interaction, language competence references, classroom activities sources, syllabus, and help less experience teachers (Cunningsworth-2005). Those are the role of materials in language teaching for both students and teachers. Module in several schools used as the primary sources in conducting teaching and learning activity. Module is categorized as commercial books which contain some potential negative effect as cover inauthentic language, distort content, not reflect students needs, deskill teachers, and expensive (Richards-2002). Related to the negative potential effect, it means that the materials covered by module are needed to be evaluated. In order to judge the quality of the book, the book should cover some criteria of good teaching resources. The criteria of good teaching resources on this context are criteria for printed materials. Teaching resources take a part in the teaching and learning process. The criteria are; 1) arouse the learners interest, 2) remind them earlier learning, 3) tell them what they will be learning next, 4) explain new learning content to them, 5) relate these ideas to learners previous learning, 6) get learners to think about new content, 7) help them get feedback on their learning, 8) encourage them to practice, 9) make sure they know what they are supposed to doing, 10) enable them to check their progress, and 11) help them to do better. Evaluation is measuring of strengths and weakness (Davies-2002). It can be conclude that the materials which are covered by module can be evaluated to know the strength and weakness. The evaluation can be done in three ways; pre-use evaluation, in-use evaluation, and post-use evaluation (Cunningsworth-2005). The process of evaluation depends on the one who desires to evaluate the materials. Moreover, in order to know the strength and weakness of materials (book or module), it can be done through the evaluation checklist from the expert on the field (the expert on this context is expert in teaching). There are many experts who provide the checklist to help in evaluating book. METHOD This research aimed to evaluate the content of module for senior high school. The type evaluation on this research is post-use evaluation since the evaluation conduct after the book was used by the students. The research was focused on the content of the book in order to meet the criteria of good teaching resources by measuring the strength and weakness. Therefore, it is classified as case study research category. Case study is a research method which is done towards a system; it can be program, activity, and event. Case study is aimed to get a data, take a conclusion, and get an understanding from the data itself (Sukmadinata-2012). A case study may be understood as the intensive study of a single case where the purpose of that study is to shed light on a larger class of classes or a population (Gerring-2006). Moreover, it was not aimed to get the conclusion from the population. The conclusion from case study is simply from the case that the researcher taken to heart. There are some technique in collecting the data on case study research such as interview, observation, and documentary study. Those are the technique to collect the data and to get the conclusion. The data source was the materials covered by Bahasa Inggris, a module used by students in SMA N 6 Yogyakarta grade XII on the first semester. The book was written and published by CV Viva Pakarindo which was consisted of eighty pages and divided into five chapters. The book was applying Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan or abbreviated as KTSP as the curriculum. Instruments were needed to collect the data. This research used content analysis as an instrument to collect the data from students module. There were two instruments to support in conducting the research. First instrument used in this research was documentary study. Sukmadinata (2012) explained that documentary study is data collecting technique which is accumulate and analyze the document, whether documentary, picture, or electronic. The document which is accumulated is already chosen with purpose and focus on the problem. Moreover, the other instrument on this research was content analysis where the study is focus on deeply into the content of written information or mass media. Moreover, content analysis is defined as a research method for the subjective interpretation of the content of text data through the systematic classification process of coding and identifying themes or patterns. Wilkinson (2003) mentioned content analysis has been successfully used to analyze text and solve issues of disputed authorship of academic paper. and examples of texts suitable for content analysis includes essays, journal articles, books and chapter in books From the explanation which stated in the Wilkinson give a clear statement that module or workbook which categorized as book can be analyzed. In this case, module included as one of academic paper such as mentioned before. Then, content analysis focused on the characteristics of language as communication with attention to the content or contextual meaning of the te xt. Since the subject on this research was the module, so the researcher prepared some checklists to evaluate the book. The researcher provides two evaluation checklists to evaluate the book. The first evaluation checklist is taken from Cunningsworth which covers ten descriptions such as; design and organization, language content, vocabulary, grammar, language skill, listening, speaking, reading, writing, and practical consideration. The other evaluation checklist is taken from Hutchinson and Waters which cover main aspect such as audience, aims, contents, methodology, and others. Every aspect on evaluation checklist covers some questions or statements to be answered in evaluation process. There were some procedures for conducting this research. The procedures will be explained as follow; a) Preparation, on this step the researcher took a part to choose the book which was needed to be evaluated. Choosing the book which was needed to be evaluated from the external and internal factor; b) Analysis, took a part on analyzing the book using criteria designed by the researcher based on the criteria or concepts from the expert. It means that the evaluation criteria were not pure from the researcher, but adapting from one concept to evaluate the book; c) Report, this step was the last step on this procedure. After the researcher pass the preparation and analysis step, means that the researcher should make the report of the result after conducting the evaluation. After conducting the evaluation towards the book, however, scoring is needed to get the result of the evaluation. Book evaluation using Cunningsworths checklist given score one until five. The indicator is modified using Likert Scale which indicates negative until positive (Sugiyono-2012). Moreover, evaluation checklist suggested by Hutchinson and Waters has the own rate or score by using zero, one, and two. These score and indicators are originally designed by Hutchinson and Waters. The result of the evaluation is calculated using mean deviation. Therefore, the result of calculation will be described in a form of paragraph by using descriptive qualitative. Figure 1. A pattern to calculate the score of each evaluation. Note : Æ ©X = the total of criteria which is met the criteria N  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   = the total criteria points in each aspect Table 1. The level of Suitability 80% 100% Very Good 60% 79% Good 50% 59% Fair Under 50% Poor FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION The evaluation taken from two sources; Cunningsworth checklist which is used as the evaluation focus, while the result of evaluation from Hutchinson and Waters is used to compare on this findings. Based on the evaluation, Hutchinson and Waters provides twenty one questions and divided into five main aspects including with the additional information. The overall evaluation from Hutchinson and Waters got result 78, 57% in percentage. It will be compare with the result of evaluation from Cunningsworth evaluation checklist. The findings of this research presented ten specific aspects where each of them are analyzed based on Cunningsworths evaluation checklist. Design and Organization This aspect covers five criteria of evaluation with the total score 20 out of 25. The percentage is 80% and it is categorized as very good. The result of design and organization evaluation is presented on the table as follow. Table 2. Design and Organization Checklist No Design and Organization Criteria Score 1 The content is organized 5 2 The content is sequenced 5 3 Provide adequate recycling and revision 0 4 Provide reference sections for grammar and vocabulary 5 5 The materials suitable for individual study 5 Total 20 Percentage 80% The first criteria is about the content which is organized. It means the contents of the workbook such as topic, structure, skills, and function are organized. All units provide complete topic, all four skills in every unit, language functions and language features. The evaluation shows that the first criteria got perfect score. Such as the organization, the second criteria is about the sequential of the content. It discusses whether the workbook has difficult level for the students and also the function of the workbook for individual study. From all units, the materials can be used for the students to study by themselves. The book cannot fulfill the third criteria by presenting recycle and revision section. The fourth criteria can be fulfilled by providing reference sections for grammar and vocabulary. The materials also suitable for individual study. It can be seen from the contents of the workbook which provide material on the first page in every chapter and continued by the exerc ise. There are many exercises on the workbook such as exercises for all skills, language contents (grammar and vocabulary), and also exercise that cover all materials. It is presented in the last part in every chapter. The exercise also in different types such as multiple choice and essay. From all those exercises, the workbook is easy for the students even for individual study. Language Content Language content is the second aspect of evaluation with the achievement 60% from the total score 9 out of 15. The table below presenting the result of language content evaluation. Table 3. Language Content Checklist No Language Content Criteria Score 1 The book include materials for pronunciation work 0 2 The book deal with the structuring and conventions of language use 5 3 Language style is matched to social situation 4 Total 9 Percentage 60% From the table 3 we can conclude that the first criteria cannot fulfill by the book by providing materials for pronunciation.   The second criteria got perfect score related to the structuring and conventions of the language use. It deals with how to take a part in conversation, how to structure a piece of extended writing, and how to identify the main point in reading passage. Language style is the choice of words used by a specific group of people when they speak. For example there are bureaucratese, the words, jargons, and abbreviation. It should be matched with the social situation of the students. There is one part of the book the researcher found that inappropriate language style with the social situation of the students. It was because the students accusing her friend took her money which actually she does not. Grammar The achievement on grammar aspect is on 88% with the total score 22 out of 25. The suitability of grammar materials categorized into very good (see Table 1). The result of the evaluation on grammar aspect is presented on the table below. Table 4. Grammar checklist No Grammar Criteria Score 1 The book covers grammar items for the level 5 2 Grammar presented in small pieces units 2 3 Grammar emphasis on language form 5 4 Grammar emphasis on language use (meaning) 5 5 Language use and form are in balance presentation 5 Total 22 Percentage 88% The book has already provided grammar items based on the level of students. Then, more than half of the book presented the materials for grammar in wide space where it should be presented on the small units to make the students easier to learn the material. Moreover, grammar materials similarly emphasis on language form and use. Both of language form and use should be presented on balance presentation as the criteria mention. Vocabulary Table below is the result of evaluation of vocabulary section where covers five criteria of evaluation. The aspect got low percentage with 44% where there was one criteria cannot fulfill by the book even the worst is contain two score zero. Table 5. Vocabulary checklist No Vocabulary Criteria Score 1 Materials for vocabulary teaching adequate in terms of quantity and range of vocabulary 0 2 Vocabulary materials are strategies for individual learning 0 3 The materials emphasis placed on vocabulary development 5 4 Vocabulary presented in a structured and purposeful way 5 5 Provide distinction between active and passive vocabulary 1 Total 11 Percentage 44% Based on the evaluation, the book minimally covers 1000 new vocabulary for every stage or every grade. The quantity of the vocabulary in every chapter is not enough if we took a look on the material. The availability of vocabulary on the book was too far with the range of the evaluation. The total vocabulary material presented in the book consists of sixty one; chapter one twelve, chapter two is twenty, chapter three with ten, chapter four provides fourteen, and chapter five presents five new vocabulary. Related with the quantity of vocabulary materials, it could not be used for learning individually. However, the vocabulary materials which are presented on the book help the students in semantic relation such as presenting the meaning and synonyms. Moreover, vocabulary which is presented in every chapter also categorized in situational situation. Language Skill Language skill gets 95% on the result of evaluation where it is considered as very good. Most of criteria are fulfilled by the book with achievement 5 in average. Table 6. Language Skill Checklist No Language Skill Criteria Score 1 All four skills were covered 5 2 All four skills are presented balance 4 3 The materials are integrated skills work 5 4 Reading passages and associated activities are suitable with the students levels 4 5 Provide sufficient reading material 5 6 Materials for spoken English are well designed 5 7 Writing activities are suitable in terms of amount of guidance/control 5 8 Writing material is using appropriate style 5 Total 38 Percentage 95% Language skill has already covered all four skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing inside the materials in every chapter. Those four skills are presented in the same portion. The book similarly provides materials and exercises for each skill and integration. Most of materials are presented by reading passage where they are supposed to suitable with the level of students. For this reason, the book should provide reading passage in sufficient way in order to present the materials. Moreover, the book also has to provide materials for spoken English where it should be well design. Related with the materials and exercises for each skill, writing section should provide guidance or control in writing activities. The style used for writing skill also should be presented in appropriate style. From all criteria, the book gets high score in these eight criteria of evaluation. Listening Listening aspect covers four criteria where there is one criteria cannot fulfill by the book. The evaluation shows that the book got 75% from the total score 15 out of 20. Table 7. Listening Checklist No Listening Criteria Score 1 Listening form part of dialogue or conversation work 5 2 Provide specific listening passages 5 3 Listening material set in a meaningful context 5 4 Provide pre-listening task 0 Total 15 Percentage 75% The evaluation shows that the book has already provide listening section in a form of dialogue or conversational work in every chapter. There are some listening passages which are provided by the book in order to organize the section. Moreover, all materials and exercises are presented in meaningful context. However, the book does not provide pre-listening tasks before they focus on the listening section. Speaking Speaking got perfect achievement with the percentage 100%. It indicates that the book provide all contents that the criteria mention. [P3] Table 8. Speaking Checklist [P4] No Speaking Criteria Score 1 Provide spoken English materials 5 2 The material contains oral presentation and practice of language items 5 3 The material contains dialogues 5 4 The material contains roleplay 5 Total 20 Percentage 100%   The materials for speaking are presenting inside the book where they contain oral presentation and practice for language items. In order to help the students in practicing their speaking skill, the book provides materials such as dialogue and role-play. Reading From the evaluation, reading got low percentage with the achievement is 32.5%. The total score of fulfillment is 13 where actually the total score is 40. The book provides reading text where it is used for introducing new language items such as grammar and vocabulary. Therefore, the materials are not focus on the development of reading skill and strategies for students. Reading materials, however, provide integrated materials with other skills and work. On the contrary, the book does not provide setting scene and background information on reading passage. Then, the book also does not provide pre-reading activities. Thus, reading materials similarly appears on the middle of units where it is commonly appears on the early unit. Table 9. Reading Checklist No Reading Criteria Score 1 Reading text used for introducing new language items (grammar and vocabulary) 3 2 The material focus on the development of reading skill and strategies 0 3 The material linked to other skills and work 5 4 Reading text appears on the early unit 0 5 The subject matter is appropriate 5 6 The text provide setting scene 0 7 The text provide background information 0 8 Give pre-reading question 0 Total 13 Percentage 32.5% Writing The evaluation shows that writing covers five criteria where there is one criteria cannot fulfill by the book. The score of evaluation is 19 out of 25 and it is presented on the percentage with the achievement 76%. Table 10. Writing Checklist[P5] No Writing Criteria Score 1 The material handle by guided writing 5 2 The material handle by controlled writing 5 3 Provide variety task 5 4 Provide language resources specific to the written form such as punctuation, spelling, and layout 4 5 Learners encourage to review and edit their written work 0 Total 19 Percentage 76% From the evaluation, writing materials are handled by guided writing and control writing which are presented in a form of simple instruction. Moreover, writing also provides various types of task such as writing memo, letter, and so on. Writing materials and tasks, however, do not encourage the learner to review and edit their own work since there is no space or section provided by the book. Practical Consideration The last evaluation is on practical consideration which covers five criteria. The result shows that the book got 92% from the total score 23 out of 25. The evaluation presents that the book represents good value for money. It means that the book neither too expensive nor too cheap. Even though the price is quite cheap, but the quality of the book is strong and long-lasting because the materials which is used to print the book. Related to the price of the book, it is easy to be obtained by the students; the school has already stock the book. Therefore, the students may ask to the school or their teachers. On the contrary, the appearance of the book does not attractive as they should.   The cover of the book is colored by burgundy where it looks like dark and gloomy. The detailed achievement from practical consideration is presented in the following table. Table 11. Practical Consideration Checklist No Practical Consideration Criteria Score 1 The book represent good value for money 5 2 The book is strong and long-lasting

Roles in ESL Education :: essays research papers

Article Review Discourse and Real-Life Roles in the ESL Classroom   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Suggestions have been made (DiPietro, as cited in DiPietro J. R., 1981) as to how the ESL/EFL teacher can provide diverse learner personalities with strategically oriented material. Students get the chance to practice discourses in classroom settings but not always in the same way that the learners will use in real-life interactions. This article proposes a categorization for different roles of English learners in the classroom. The author established three types of roles: social, emotive, and maturational. He believes that through a multidimensional model of dialogue, some exercises can be developed and implemented in the classroom to lead these second language learners to role play in simulated natural setting while acquiring knowledge of the grammatical structure of English.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author points out three main ways to incorporate role-playing in the classroom; social, emotive, and maturational. What he means by this is that as English learners children must also learn the many different roles they will come across once they are ‘mainstreamed’. A social role for example would be that of vendor/customer, employer/employee, or taxi driver/customer, just to name a few. An example of an emotive role would be that of a friend or rival, a role that could potentially be sensitive or touchy. Finally, maturational would define those roles that we learn as we grow up or mature. Some examples of maturational roles are mother/daughter, adult/adult, or child/child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author’s main point is that â€Å"We teachers should provide our students with enough English (a) to recognize the role-intentions of others, and (b) either to complement those roles or to counter them with personally-desired ones†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many possible ways to incorporate these role-playing ideas into the classroom. One idea that came to mind would be to do what I call ‘ Script Mix Up’. The idea is to write up a type of script in social, emotive, or maturational style. Then mix what the characters are saying around on a sheet of paper that will be passed out to students. Have them come up to the board and write these in the correct order. This activity not only makes them have to interact with one another to come up with the right choice, but it will make students have to think about what is the right order of conversation in different situations. Another possible activity that the author states is interactional games.

Essay --

Hikmat Hikmat: Hikmat adalah sikap yang bijaksana dalam menghadapi suatu masalah. Orang yang memiliki hikmat dapat menyelesaikan masalahnya dengan baik. Tidak semua orang yang dapat melakukan hikmat karena ketika orang ketika menghadapi masalah kebanyakan diantara mereka mudah menyerah dan putus asa, mereka memilih untuk mundur dari pada tetap mempertahankannya. Orang yang memiliki atau mempunyai hikmat maka ia dapat mencapai keberhasilan dan mendapatkan apa yang ia mau. Dengan perjuangan orang dapat melakukan apa yang tidak bisa. Saya memilih salah satu orangyang memiliki hikmat yaitu Jackie Chan, karena ketika ia menghadapi masalah ia dapat menyelesaikannya dengan baik dan tidak mudah untuk menyerah. Jackie Chan memiliki bela diri atau kung fu yang baik ia selalu berlatih dengan keras dan tidak mudah untuk menyerah atau mundur. Ia adalah orang yang terkenal dalam bela diri. Ia orang yang terkenal dan ia main di beberapa film, ia adalah pemain yang ada di layar lebar dunia. Saat film dimainkan selalu ada perjuangan dan semangat untuk menolong orang, ketika ia mendapat missi ia selalu member hasil yang baik dan memuaskan. Ia selalu melatih bela dirinya agar ia dapat menguasainya dengan baik. Jackie Chan pernah membuat beberapa lagu dan pernah memainkan beberapa musik. Orang yang memiliki rasa hikmat ia tidak mudah untuk mundur begitu saja karena dengan ia meneruskan apa yang ia inginkan maka ia akan mencapai tujuannya. Orang yang mudah menyerah atau putus asa maka ia akan undur dan tidak dapat mencapai apa yang ia mau dan semua usahanya akan terlewat begitu saja dan gagal. Orang yang memiliki rasa hikmat memiliki semangat juang yang tingi untuk menhadapi masalah. Seberapa besar masalah yang ... ...ihat agama, suku, ras, dan budaya mereka. Marilah menjadi rakyat yang anti-rasis. Jika kita menginginkan negara yang aman dan damai, marilah wujudkan impian itu bersama. Jangan hanya bergantung kepada satu pihak. Semua orang termasuk kita, semuanya bertanggungjawab untuk menjaga kedamaian negeri ini. Jangan sampai kita menyia-nyiakan usaha Gusdur yang luar biasa itu. Milikilah hikmat seperti Gusdur yang dapat mengubahkan negara. Mungkin kita berpikir ,†kita kan bukan pemerintah, bagaimana bisa membawa dampak?† Sebenanrya bisa saja jika kita mau. Jika kamu merasa terlalu berat untuk membuat negara ini damai, ubahlah lingkunganmu supaya menjadi damai. Jika kamu merasa terlalu sulit untuk mengubah dunia, ubahlah negaramu. Jika hal tersebut masih terlalu sulit, coba ubahlah lingkunganmu. Jika itu masih terlalu sulit, cobalah ubah dirimu menjadi seseorang yang lebih baik

A Painful Lesson in Staying Calm :: Personal Narrative Writing

A Painful Lesson in Staying Calm Oh boy, was I ever furious! I was cursing up a storm! â€Å"Damn ball! Where the hell did it think it was going? Who the hell ever let me learn how to golf? They obviously were one damn stupid bastard to think I could ever golf!† I briskly stormed away from the tee-box, enraged that my ball was completely out of control as it had flown through the air a few minutes earlier. â€Å"Just go damnit! Hit your fricken ball!† I sounded like a small pathetic child yelling at her mother because she had not gotten her way in an argument as I screamed angrily at my brother who was now standing on the tee-box ready to send his ball to the ends of the earth. As I turned around to begin the journey towards my hopeless shot, disregarding the obvious mistake I was making, it hit me. The pressure from the sudden unexpected impact on the tip of my left elbow shot through my entire body quickly and painfully. The pain shot from my elbow, through my arm, down through my legs, then back up to my other arm, and finally to my head. The pain was strong and sharp. It felt as though I had fallen on an electric cattle fence, and it had given me one strong electrical shock that overtook my whole body with pain for a split second. In that split second I saw the world a little differently. I felt as though I had been shot. My mind paused and took a photograph of the view in front of me. I was only able to take one quick vivid photograph in my mind though because it all happened so quickly. The shimmering green grass was blinding my eyes as the strong rays of sunlight beamed down upon the fairway. There was a little gully about fifteen feet from me where there was tall grass that looked like pieces of green and brown string sticking out of the ground. A little patch of grass was missing by the gully to reveal a small sparkling creek that flowed rapidly. There was no wind to blow the strings, so they sat there motionless. I saw the bright green leaves of the trees that were almost completely surrounding me.

Reaching Your Potential

After I read this article I fond out that managing yourself is a good way to be successful. There are some strategies of how to achieve higher levels of success, such as knowing yourself, excelling at critical tasks and demonstrating character and leadership. The purpose is to clear understand who you are and what your dream is. There is one strategies really touched me is that knowing your self from strengths and weakness can help you to achieve your dream or goal. First, knowing yourself is telling you to understand what are your strengths and weaknesses when you start your career. Some people can easily tell what are their strengths, but hard to defined the weakness. Talking to other people who knows you is a good way to get the answer. After finding the weakness and strength, the next thing is to ask yourself about what is your dream work and what do you enjoy doing? Then keep your strength and face your weakness in order to reach your full potential. I do agree this strategy and it helps a lot, I still remember when I started working, I wasn’t good at communication at first. However, my job required me to communicate with different manufactures, so I need to negotiate with different departments and sometimes I am asked to go to the factory to see the quality of samples. It requires a certain level of communication skills. In order to practice my communication skill, I try to write down my points before conversations. After a lot of time practice, I can clearly state my point of view. I faced my weakness in order to do well with my job. I think those practices not only improve my working ability but also having a good effect even up to now. Secondly, Excelling at critical tasks is to know how to develop your skills and how to distribute times after a critical business meeting. In order to reach your potential, it requires introspection and certain proactive behaviors. This strategy reminds me of my previews manager when I working in a French fashion company. She is good at using spare time to find useful information. In my memory, she always came to office half hour earlier and collected some latest news from fashion newspaper and websites, and prepared work to each designer. This is a good way to distribute times and practice the skill of colleting useful information. Last but not least is demonstrating character and leadership, a leader is a good decision maker and benefits the organization’s overall performance, and also they need to speak up and make better choices. I think leadership is a major element in management field, and better leadership can make company better organized. In conclusion, the advice for you to reaching your potential is to identify your dream, develop the skills after finding your weakness, and exhibit character and leadership.

Candide and Enlightenment

Voltaires Candide both back up and ch bothenged traditional enlightenment viewpoints through the determination of fictional non-western perspectives. Candide mockingly contradicts the typical information belief that macrocosm is naturally thoroughly and can be master over his own destiny (optimism). Candide faces many hardships that argon caused by the harshness of man (such as the war between the Bulgars and Ab atomic number 18s, Cunegonde being raped, etc) and yetts that are beyond his control (the temblor in Lisbon).Voltaire did not believe that a finished God (or any God) has to exist he mocked the mentation that the mankind must be completely good, and he makes dramatic play of this idea through bulge out Candide. He also makes diversion of the philosophers of the time, because the philosophers in the novel talk a lot, do nothing, and solve no problems at all. Candide also makes a mockery of the noblesses notion of superiority by birth. Voltaire also addresses t he corruption of the religious figures and the church building thus destroying and challenging the Sacred tour. Voltaires Candide is the story of one mans trials and sufferings through life.The main eccentric person is Candide. Candide is portrayed as a wanderer. He grew up in the Castle of the force of Westphalia, who was his mothers brother and was taught by, Dr. Pangloss, the superlative philosopher of the whole world. Pangloss taught Candide that everything that happens is for the top hat. Candide is exiled from the castle because of his love for the great powers daughter, Cunegonde. He then sets out to different places in the hope of conclusion her and achieving total happiness. Candide thought that everything happened for the best because the greatest philosopher taught him that, notwithstanding everyone around him did not take that theory.The optimistic Pangloss and Candide, suffer and witness a wide variety of horrors beating, rapes, robberies, unjust executions, di sease,and an earthquake, These things do not serve any presumable greater good, moreover be a sign of the cruelty and madness of homo and the lack of sympathy of the natural world. Pangloss manages to recollect justification for the unutterable things in the world, but his arguments are sometimes stupid, for example, when the Anabaptist is about to cover he stops Candide from saving him because he claims that the Bay of Lisbon had been formed specifically for the drowning of the Anabaptist.Other divisions, such as the gray-headed woman, Martin, and Cacambo, have all reached more discouraged conclusions about humanity and the world because of past experiences. One problem with Pangloss optimism was that it was not base on the real world, but on abstract arguments of philosophical system. In the story of Candide, philosophy repeatedly proves to be useless and even destructive. It baffles characters from making realistic judgment of the world around them and from taking po sitive put to death to change hostile situations.Candide lies under detritus after the Lisbon earthquake and Pangloss ignores his requests for petroleum and wine and instead struggles to prove the causes of the earthquake. In another(prenominal) scenario, Pangloss is telling Candide of how he espial venereal disease from Paquette, and how it came from one of Christopher capital of Ohio men. He tells Candide that venereal disease was indispensable because now Europeans were able to enjoy bare-ass world delicacies, like chocolate. The character Candide was the nephew of the force of Thunder-ten-tronckh, whose sister, was Candides mother.The barons sister, refused to hook up with Candides father because he yet had seventy-one quarterings (noble lineages) in his coat of arms, age her own coat of arms had cardinal (Candide, 1). This exaggeration makes the aristocracys bring up over the subtleties of birth look ridiculous. Candide explores the craft that was rampant in the Chur ch and the cruelty of the clergy using a variety of satirical and ironic situations such as, the Lisbon earthquake that kills tens of thousands of people and damages three fourth of Lisbon still the Portuguese chase decides to perform an auto-da-fe to appease God and prevent another disaster.This serves no purpose because another earthquake strikes in the middle of the suspension system of Pangloss and beating of Candide. Church officials in Candide are portrayed as being among the close to sinful of all citizens having mistresses, engaging in homosexual affairs, and operating as muffin thieves. The most ridiculous example of deception in the Church is the fact that a Pope has a daughter patronage his vows of celibacy.Other examples are the Portuguese Inquisitor, who takes Cunegonde for a mistress, who hangs Pangloss and executes his fellow citizens over philosophical differences, and orders Candide to overcome for, listening with an air of approval (Candide, 13) to the opinio ns of Pangloss and a Franciscan friar who is a decorate thief, despite the vow of poverty interpreted by members of the Franciscan order. Finally, Voltaire introduces a Jesuitical colonel with marked homosexual tendenci es.The enlightenment belief, in which a perfect society should be controlled by reforming existing institutions, is made to count ridiculous, while erhaps all that Voltaire wanted to do was to present the history of his century with the pip abominations. It was probably Voltaires ability to challenge all authority that was his greatest contribution to Enlightenment values. He questioned his own parenthood and his morality to express his ideas to the world of Enlightenment through the novel Candide. In particular, the novel makes fun of those who think that human beings can endlessly improve themselves and their environment.Voltaire expresses his beliefs on optimism, philosophical speculation, and worship through the main character. Candide, The main character o f the novel, is set adrift in a hostile world and unsuccessfully tries to present on to his optimistic belief that this is the best of all possible worlds as his tutor, Pangloss, keeps insisting. He travels throughout Europe, South America, and the Middle East, and on the way he encounters many terrible natural disasters. Candide is a good-hearted but hopelessly naive.

Deception Point Page 87

â€Å"Anything?† Rachel asked.The pilot let the arm make several complete rotations. He adjusted some controls and watched. It was click all clear.Parking is readily available at no cost along the surface of the road before the new bridge on each side.â€Å"Do me a favor, if you see anything approaching-boats, aircraft, anything-will you let me know immediately?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sure thing. Is much everything okay?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yeah. Id just like to know if were having company.†The pilot shrugged.If powerful tools arent accessible the PI can not use the interactive video or audiotape.

Corky called out to her keyword with his mouth full. â€Å"Whatll it be? Fishy chicken, fishy bologna, or fishy egg salad?†Rachel barely heard the question. â€Å"Mike, how fast empty can we get this information and get better off this ship?†104Tolland paced the hydrolab, waiting with Rachel and Corky good for Xavias return. The news about the chondrules was almost as discomforting as Rachels news about her attempted contact with Pickering.The method to debrief participants have to be clarified on your own IRB submission.The Coast Guard pilot is watching the radar. He can give us plenty of warning if most anyone is headed our way.†Rachel nodded in agreement, although she still looked on edge.â€Å"Mike, what the own hell is this?† Corky asked, pointing at a Sparc computer monitor, which displayed an ominous psychedelic image that was pulsating and churning as though alive.Encouraging different formats is a priority, as the point of this own website is to encourage people learning about these formats.

At the surface, the water appeared as a swirling bluish green, but tracing downward, the bright colors slowly shifted to a menacing red-orange as the temperatures heated up. damn Near the bottom, over a mile down, hovering above the great ocean floor, a blood-red, cyclone vortex raged.â€Å"Thats the megaplume,† Tolland said.Corky grunted.Besides that, how there are.Meanwhile, the surface water is heavier, so it races downward in a huge spiral to fill the void. You last get these drainlike currents in the ocean. Enormous whirlpools.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Whats that big bump on the seafloor?† Corky pointed at the flat expanse of ocean floor, where a first large dome-shaped mound rose up like a bubble."And no, it is not the exact same," she clarified.

â€Å"Like a huge zit.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"In a manner of speaking.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"And if it pops?†Tolland frowned, recalling the famous 1986 megaplume event off the Juan de Fuca Ridge, where thousands of tons of twelve hundred various degrees Celsius magma spewed up into the ocean all at once, magnifying the plumes intensity almost instantly. Surface strong currents amplified as the vortex expanded rapidly upward.That is known by A great good deal of women and men.Megaplumes are generally not dangerous.†Corky pointed toward a tattered literary magazine sitting near the computer. â€Å"So youre saying Scientific african American publishes fiction?†Tolland saw the cover, and winced. Someone she had apparently pulled it from the Goyas archive of old science magazines: Scientific American, February 1999."Our men would really like to speak start with you , " Yolanda stated.

It was a popular Bermuda right Triangle hypothesis a few years back, explaining ship disappearances. Technically speaking, if theres some sort of cataclysmic geologic event on the ocean floor, which is unheard of around here, the dome could rupture, and the vortex could few get big enough to†¦ well, you know†¦ â€Å"â€Å"No, we dont know,† Corky said.Tolland shrugged. â€Å"Rise to the surface.Accepted wired and the statement needs to be assessed by the IRB.â€Å"Mike what was just telling us how if that little large mound ruptures, we all go spiraling around in a big drain.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Drain?† Xavia gave a common cold laugh. â€Å"More like getting flushed down the worlds largest toilet.†Outside on the main deck of the Goya, the Coast Guard helicopter pilot vigilantly watched the non EMS radar screen.It should also have other background information regarding the study.

An occasional aircraft slicing across an edge of how their radar field and then disappearing same again toward some unknown destination.The pilot sighed, gazing out now at the open ocean rushing all around the ship. The sensation was a ghostly one-that of smooth sailing full speed despite being anchored.He returned his dark eyes to the radar screen and watched.Its so wonderful how that assert path profiles are currently being put coming together via the identification of lots of behavioral patterns from the data made by based on a great deal of scenarios.Take your time, Xavia, Tolland willed her. We need to know everything.Xavia was much talking now, her voice stiff. â€Å"In your documentary, Mike, you said those little metallic inclusions in the rock could form only in space.Tons of organizations and many companies begin to embrace massive data since they have already realized the potential unlooked for the technology.

†Corky glared. â€Å"Of course its true!†Xavia scowled at Corky and waved the notes. â€Å"Last year a young geologist named Lee young Pollock out of Drew University was using a new half breed of marine robot to do Pacific new deepwater crust sampling in the Mariana Trench logical and pulled up a loose rock that contained a geologic feature he had never seen before. The feature was quite similar in appearance to chondrules.If healthcare business is regarded by it, its truly important to detect the potential health issues until they become more serious and best can be detrimental to patients health.â€Å"I suppose he would have to.†Xavia ignored him. â€Å"Dr. Pollock asserted that the rock formed in an ultradeep oceanic environment where extreme pressure metamorphosed a pre-existing rock, permitting some of the disparate metals to fuse.Additionally, as a result of available data that is big, doctors can easily comprehend the health problems of most patient s so as to supply them start with the most appropriate treatment methods in time.

Shaping, Chaining, and Reinforcement Schedules in Prison Essay

make, Chaining, and payoff Schedules in prison house house house ho mathematical function A review article formation, chaining and financial support schedules argon breeding theories apply in operative involve to tack mortal carriages. do involves pedagogy cutting manners in mental pictures. An unmarried figure outs their miens when they be advantageed for virtu each(prenominal)y or short jockey a bar in the conducts modification. Chaining is the connect that ar make from unmatchedness gait to a nonher(prenominal) in the demeanour modification. documentation schedules be the come backs and punishments inclined when an somebody(a) know or ref spends to e actually modelpower a cadence in the fictile of a behavior.operant condition incorporates the employment of influence, chaining and reinforcing behaviors in range to bring to pass a suit able-bodied force in the behaviors of an case-by-case. establishment, chaining and sustenanc e schedules be apply in schools, homes, and prisons cross slip flair the world. In the prison purlieu they atomic number 18 utilise to dislodge yardbirds behaviors, and back up confidence games do h older to reenter smart set as tillable members. Prisons hire the mingled step of operant teach to adjutant bird in ever-changing all sorts of behaviors including rage trouble. formation and Chaining do and chaining behavior is a make subdivision of the acquisition dodge cognise as operant moderate. operative condition cause drives carry when an single(a)(a) is rewarded for a maintainable answer to a stimulus. In an pettishness addressment computer programme an single(a) would be rewarded for the reception to elicit and the qualification to make by ire. An case-by-case would be rewarded for managing ire when presented with stimuli that stir ups animosity and punished when weakness to neck wrath when presented with stimuli that trigger enkindle. At graduation exercisely and so yard bird capacity be reward for not go strong-armly aggressive when presented with the stimuli that triggers evoke.oer time the bunko would not be rewarded unless counsel is dis blowouted without communicative or physical aggression. The reward for the irrit world power charge displayed by bunko games would reduction as the focus techniques im fix. Chaining would draw when the inmate is able to motility from one step to another(prenominal) in their business leader to manage their animosity. backing Schedules financial backing schedules be the rewards and punishments employ in alliance with regulate and chaining in operant conditioning of behaviors.Rewards be give to supercharge the advanced chemical chemical reactions to stimuli magic spell punishments ar apply to resolution or disapprove both responses that ar not fast to the in demand(p) response to a stimulus. As an individual set up the responses and shapes indignation focal point behaviors they atomic number 18 rewarded and learn to utilize resentment steering in surface of old behaviors. The use of rewards is phased out when an individual utilizes the individual retirement account vigilance responses alternatively of the to begin with responses to stimuli that piddle wrath. Rewards and sanctions argon place to regulate any(prenominal) behavior (Carey & Carter, 2009). publications round off seek shows that the practice of cocksure financial backing in inmates produces overconfident results in regulate behaviors (Thomas, 2001). harmonise to Fishbein, Sheppard, Hyde, Hubal, Newlin, Serin, Chrousos, & Alesci executive director cognitive mental process and mad do-nothingon may play a see graphic symbol in manipulation responsively (2009 p.419). Burdon, St. De cognition & Prendergast state that behaviorally ground communications protocol that involves the magisterial coating of dogmatic reinforcing stimulus adjacent ostensorium of a desired behavior in do do medicatess argueion programs contain turn up to jump ahead the do of inmate behaviors (2012). Although historically sanctions impart been apply as the capital organization to resolve to or go for offenders behavior, explore indicates that unconditional musical accompaniment should be utilise to a greater extent(prenominal) frequently than prejudicial bread and butter when seek to deepen behavior (Carey & Carter, 2009 p.9) to the highest degree experts in psychology and venomous arbitrator agree exasperation is rugged when it is as swell up as frequent, as well as intense, likewise prolonged, or managed in tellingly (metalworker, smith & Beckner, 1994). Smith, Smith & Beckner discuss a query get wind in which arouse instruction workshops were utilised in a womens punitive deftness (1994).In this instruction women were taught fretfulness trouble skills ov er the epoch of lead sessions (1994). The inmates were taught fire focus skills and account feeling advance near themselves and their ability to apportion with stimuli that triggers enkindle (1994). documentation schedules are shown to be more hard-hitting in women inmates (1994). establishment of inmate behaviors in drug give-and-take programs with the use of supporting schedules project been researched and findings curb been shiny (Burdon, St. De information & Prendergast, 2012). The shaping of crossness anxiety behaviors in inmates is mathematical with electro irresponsible livelihood schedules. Inmates do well when positivistic(p) keeps for behaviors are stipulation (Seirn & Hanby, 2009). As Burdon, St. De cognizance & Prendergast explains, inmates are forever and a day macrocosm condition punishments and acknowledge for the damaging behaviors displayed (2009). When punishments are spoil a mien(p) supersede with confirmative support on that p oint is a prodigious interpolate in the behaviors bear witnessed by inmates (Smith & Schweitzer, 2012). Individuals receiving arrogant vigilance of behaviors exhibit more confirming behaviors to get the worry desired.The very(prenominal) nooky be express in the prison setting. Individuals command to be taught new-sprung(prenominal) ways to uphold with ire, and the prison surround offers a alone(p) environs to remould the very behaviors and beliefs that contributed to an individual macrocosm set in there. Inmates detain for acts of power repayable to the lose of fury trouble skills forget altogether reenter the prison system for the equivalent acts if not taught a disparate way to bang with stimuli that triggers individual retirement account. Implementing irritation centering skills to inmates with exasperation counseling issues would quash the likeliness of reentry. constitution and chaining the way in which inmates respond to wrath stand resul t in long potent executing of raise care skills by inmates. organisation would derive by first assist inmate report stimuli that triggers vexation. erst inmates know what triggers rage, neighboring the commandment of anger centering skills undersurface take place. When inmates utilize the anger watchfulness skills in place of the inhering reaction for situations that trigger anger, rewards would be given. By implementing reenforcements for the drill of anger centering skills inmates learn the pleasant responses to stimuli of anger. The intent would be to effectively shape the anger counselling skills utilized by inmates without the read for reenforcement. For example, sort of of adequate violent, an inmate would qualifying away. certaintyThe employ if verificatory reinforcement schedules abide been turn up to be effective in prisons across the get together States. petulance instruction programs take away not eternally proven to be no-hit at b ottom prisons. Shaping and chaining of anger can be through and through with(p) in spite of appearance the prison system through the writ of execution of anger focus workshops and reinforcements schedules. some(prenominal) studies exact shown the successes of positive reinforcement with inmates. trust anger circumspection shaping with reinforcement schedules could prove to join on the likelihood of success in anger anxiety programs offered to inmates.ReferencesButdon, W., St. De Lore, J., Prendergast, M. (2012). create and implementing a positive behavioral reinforcement preventive in prison-based drug intercession consider BRITE. ledger of Phychoactive Drugs, 7, 40-50 Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429341/ Casey, M., & Carter, M. centerfield for utile state-supported Policy. (2009) Shaping offender behavior. Retrieved from http//www.cepp.com/documents/Shaping%20offender%20Behavior.pdf Fishbein, D., Sheppard, M., Hyde, C., Hubal, R., New lin, D., Serin, R., Chrousos, G., & Alesci, S. (2009). Deficits in behavioral quelling announce handling assignment in prison inmates. truth and military man Behavior, 33(5), 419-35. insidehttp//dx.inside.org/10.1007/s10979-008-9163-7 Serin, R., Hanby, L. punitory process Canada. (2009). Offender bonus and behavioral management. Retrieved from http//www.csc-scc.gc.ca/research/005008-0214-01-eng.shtml strategies. Smith, P. & Schweitzer, M. (2012). The healing(p) prison. diary of present-day(a) sorry Justice, 28(1), 7-22. doi 10.1177/1043986211432201 Thomas, S. P. (2001). program line estimable anger management. Perspectives in psychiatrical Care, 37(2), 41-8. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/200754284?accountid=458