The History of the Endangered Languages and the Ways of Their Preservation

Introduction The problem of language preservation is very important nowadays. There are 6800 languages on the Earth but many of them may disappear if people will not take the necessary steps in order to save them. The problem of language disappearance is urgent in many countries of the world. The problem is studied by many scholars and we already have the necessary tools to prevent the process and to save the endangered languages.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The History of the Endangered Languages and the Ways of Their Preservation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aim of this report is to discuss the problem of the endangered languages preservation taking into account the historic and cultural conditions of their development as well as the impact of the modern time. To achieve this goal, the historic and cultural backgrounds of the Akan and the Taiwanese languages have been summarized. In addition, the l anguage documentation and machine translation have been discussed. Finally, the current problems of language preservation and the observed trends have been analyzed. History Of The Endangered Languages This section will present the overview of the historic and cultural background of some of the endangered languages. The Akan Language The Akan language is the most widely spread language in Ghana (Agyekum 24). However, it remains at hazard of disappearance due to the historic and cultural conditions. In addition, the economic and social situation in Ghana influences the popularity of the language substantially. Taking into account the poor economy, people in Ghana strive to achieve the economic and social security. They consider English and other foreign languages as much more important than their authentic language. The Ghanaian society is multilingual as the local people speak 76 different languages, among which 17 are dominant, 50 are considered as less endangered, and 8 are at ris k of disappearance (Agyekum 24). Such vast diversity makes this African country very interesting from the linguistic perspective. The peculiarities of the social and cultural conditions in the country influence the Akan.Advertising Looking for report on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although it is the language of 44% of the country population, it may disappear because of the impact of the social and cultural environment. In particular, the Ghanaian people use it in the limited circumstances; it is not the language of the government and is not used in the official documents; people speak English in the families and have the negative attitude to their authentic language (Agyekum 24). The Taiwanese Language The Taiwanese language is one of the endangered languages in the world. It has the Malayo-Polynesian and Chinese roots (Beaser n.pag.). From the 17th century, Chinese culture influenced Taiwan substantially. The i mmigrants from China speak different dialects of the Chinese, which became widely spread in Taiwan. The Southern Min topolect and Hakka made the greatest influence on the language formation (Beaser n.pag.). Later, Mandarin dialect spread across the country. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Taiwanese language developed independently from the Chinese (Beaser n.pag.). Since the second half of the 19th century, the Taiwanese had been developing under the conditions of the Japanese occupation of Taiwan. In 1985, the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed (Beaser n.pag.). The treaty initiated the numerous restrictions on the use of the authentic language. Its signing was the beginning of the suppression of the Taiwanese language. Taiwanese survived due to the activity of the Presbyterian missioners in the island (Beaser n.pag.). They created the Romanized script for the local people. In addition, the national movements in support of the native language and against the Japanese suppression co ntributed to the language preservation (Beaser n.pag.). Nowadays, the Taiwanese society is based on the democratic value and the law protects the right of people to speak any language they want. However, Mandarin is still the official language in the island. Methods Of Language Preservation The language documentation and machine translation are described in this section.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The History of the Endangered Languages and the Ways of Their Preservation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Language Documentation The goals of the linguistic projects are to increase awareness of the endangered languages speakers and to document the authentic languages (Agyekum 24). Language documentation is considered to be the important method of language conservation. There are three agents of language archiving including the depositors, the users, and the archivists (Agyekum 24-25). The depositors take the a ctive participation in the language documentation. They make the recordings, create various materials, and pass them to the archivists (Agyekum 24-25). It is clear that the users are those who use the materials. The archivists participate in the language conservation projects and solve the preservation programs in the long run. Machine Translation There are 6800 languages in the world and many of them remain unstudied. The computational linguistics can provide the tools for the endangered languages preservation but only 1% of the world languages have been the subject of its research (Bird Chiang 126). The documenting takes an important place in this respect. This method is considered to be the main tool of the modern linguistics. Machine translation represents the method of documenting used in the computational linguistics (Bird Chiang 126). It is based on the modern technologies and it has many advantages in comparison with the methods used in the past. The provision of the oppor tunity to avoid the usage of the treebanks and wordnets is one of them (Bird Chiang 126). These tools are often rather expensive. The machine translation represents the cost effective method of documenting. The Statistical Translation Model is the model of parallel text and one of the tools of the machine translation (Bird Chiang 127). The application of the model assumes the fulfillment of the major tasks of the language documentation. In particular, the model translates the collected texts into the reference language.Advertising Looking for report on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Application of the Machine Translation Model The machine translation model was successfully applied in the frameworks of the language preservation project in Papua New Guinea (Bird Chiang 129). It was used as the mean of language documentation. The model allowed representing the fifty endangered languages in the written form (Bird Chiang 129). Problems And Perspectives This section deals with the current problems of language preservation as well as with its future perspectives (Bird Chiang 129). Current Problems of Language Preservation According to the current estimates, only 600 languages will survive on the planet (Agyekum 24). That is why the language conservation is the urgent problem nowadays. The scholars state that there is a psychological aspect of the languages disappearance, which is difficult to cope with. This aspect leads to the linguistic conflicts as people often consider their authentic languages as inferior and the foreign ones as superior (Agyekum 24). One more challenge is the dynamism of the language environment. The linguists have to take into account the rapid changes occurring in it. The absence of the up-to-date technologies and the insufficient amount of the storage facilities complicate the work of the linguists (Agyekum 26). The Trends in Language Preservation The development of the IT technologies creates the new opportunities for language preservation. The linguists work in different parts of the world to collect and document the lexicon, morphology and conversations of the authentic languages speakers. The modern technology allows achieving much better results and increasing the volume of the processed data (Villa 97). The digitalization of the collected texts is one of the brightest trends of the modern time. The computers will, undoubtedly, play a significant role in linguistics in the future. Conclusion The language conservation is the urgent task of the linguists nowadays. Many languages on the Earth are at hazard of d isappearance. The modern technologies can facilitate the work in this field. The machine translation modernizes the process of language documentation. Works Cited Agyekum, Kofi 2012, Documentation and Preservation of the Akan Language. Web. Beaser, Deborah 2006, The Outlook for the Taiwanese Language Preservation. PDF file. Web. Bird, Steven, and D. Chiang 2012, Machine Translation for Language Preservation. PDF file. Web. Villa, Daniel J. 2002, Integrating Technology into Minority Language Preservation and Teaching Efforts: an Inside Job. PDF file. Web. This report on The History of the Endangered Languages and the Ways of Their Preservation was written and submitted by user Red Cr0w to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Emperors Old Cloths essays

The Emperor's Old Cloths essays Ariel Dorfmans The Empires Old Clothes is a one of a kind book that examines the hidden cultural backdrops of popular childrens literature. Though it is widely known that books such as the Little Prince have profound meanings underneath the basic storyline, it would be a shock for many to discover that even stories of Babar and the Lone Ranger convey hidden biases and cultural significance to its readers. The Empires Old Clothes is very descriptive in its arguments and analyzes in detail the significances of each cartoonish episode. Indeed everything from European imperialism to differences in family structure as shown by Babar and Disney are discussed. Darfmans book illustrates that though Disney stories lacks the imagination and historical accuracy blatant in De Brunhoffs Babar, they each reflect some cultural truths of their respective cultures. The French story of Babar written by De Brunhoff is a series of original tales that describe a society of personified elephants. Unlike Disneys stories, this French story conveys a mission civilisatrice, or a civilizing mission, in which De Brunhoff underlines the stories with lessons on how to grow and mature. On the surface, this mission is similar to the stories about Madeline, the little French girl who always gets herself into mischief, then after having been rescued, teaches her young audience a fun lesson. Babars civilizing mission, however, involves more than lessons for children. In his books, the jungle is the continent of Africa, and the town is Paris. The society of brutish elephants is undoubtedly the African society previous to the arrival of The Old Lady, who is the epitome of Western civilization. With these geographical disguises, De Brunhoff civilizes two cultures at once. Elephant and children, both small savages, will finally reach a point at which they must as ...

Partnership and limited liability partnership in the United States Essay

Partnership and limited liability partnership in the United States - Essay Example Humans have since time immemorial been considered social beings making partnership between individuals a common concept. Partnerships can as well exist between businesses, interest based organizations, schools, governments allowing for their nature and structure to be varied. Under this type of arrangement, partners agree to share their profits and losses and this mutual understanding is what allows them to operate efficiently (Wood 21). People engaging in partnerships often have varied reasons for their union. Some partner with others in order to increase their likelihood of achieving their goals when the situation calls for1. Others may partner simply to pool resources together in order to be able to participate effectively in the business world. While profits may be the driving force for some, strategic positioning is a major underlying reason for the formation of partnerships especially amongst those who are actively engaged in the business world. And because each member brings a long their own set of reasons for forming the alliance, partnerships have been marred with special challenges and issues. It is because of the dynamic nature of partnerships that the concept of civil law was introduced in their formation (Smith 16). An agreement is a symbolic tool of understanding between partners in any engagement. These agreements define each individual's goals, the company's overall goal, roles and responsibilities of each partner, lines of authority and succession, how achievements and shortcomings are to be classified, and most important, how resources are to be shared within the company. And because of the detailed nature of these agreements, they are required to be written down on paper and appropriately signed by all members in the partnership. This is done for future reference and each party often advised to keep a copy of the agreement. Articles of partnership are often drawn by the partners who are members of the partnership in order to make the document legally enforceable by law. (Smith 17). The roles of partners are often quite defining as to the nature with which they interact with the organization. In a general partnership, all partners manage the business and are personally liable for any expenses that are incurred during the management of the business. In the United States, there have been established limited liability partnerships which have got different features as compared to other forms of partnership2. A limited liability partnership accords its owners limited personal liability which is suitable for use in professional groups like accountants and lawyers3. The nature of Limited Liability Partnership These partnerships are often preferred because one partner does not wish to be liable for the problems or mistakes made by other partners within the organization. This is often the case is malpractice claims that may prove detrimental to the company even if they are fully enforceable by law4. In the case of malpractice clai ms, LLP protects each partner from any costs or expenses arising from any malpractice lawsuits that may be leveled against one partner5. Overall, LLP's have similar advantages as those realized in limited partnerships. One can still take part in the management of the business in an active manner, without exposing themselves to personal liability for the decisions and actions undertaken by the other partners beyond the value of their investment in the arrangement.

Reflect on If I could be any historical figure within the time period, Research Paper - 2

Reflect on If I could be any historical figure within the time period, who would I be and why I want this to be on D - Research Paper Example eater importance and long-lasting impact than what a single military commander, philosopher, pop-culture icon, or any other individual within past society has been able to offer. As a function of attempting to prove this point to the reader, the following analysis will be concentric upon providing many of the accomplishments that Martin Luther King realized during his life and draw a clear level of comparison with respect to the fact that these accomplishments, taken as a whole, stood apart from the rest of the individuals during his time, and indeed sense, and represented individual whose strength and perseverance are not only admirable but something which should be desired within the current time. Firstly, it should be stated that few if any individuals in the modern world are able to attain a level of education or expertise at such a young age as did Martin Luther King Junior. For instance, Martin Luther King Jr. became an ordained Baptist minister at the age of 18. Whereas it is true that certain individuals within the modern world are able to accrue a great deal of education and expertise at a relatively young age, Martin Luther King was not only able to become an ordained clergyman within his community, he was also the youngest person ever to receive and Nobel Peace Prize for his work in seeking to end racial segregation (Hinds 469). As can readily be noted, the ability to dedicate himself to his studies and to the cause in question allowed for Martin Luther King to be an admirable character that this student seeks to look up to. Yet, one of the largest reasons for why Martin Luther King Jr. is a historical figure that I would like to be is due to the fact that he struggled tirelessly and fearlessly for the rights of his fellow man. Whereas many individuals during the time period were caught up in returning hatred for hatred, Martin Luther King Jr. was focused upon using nonviolent methods and leading a peaceful civil rights that would channel the same ap proach that Thoreau and Gandhi had used to such great effect (King 33). Whereas it might have been easy to fall victim to the desire for seeking revenge and demanding a level of immediate and violent revolution on the part of the disenfranchised population of the United States, King was able to resist this temptation and take the higher path; aspects of character and virtue that are extraordinarily rare and extremely appealing to this individual author. Such as yet, King’s most notable achievement is not with regards to the fact that he was merely a participant in the nonviolent civil rights movement of the mid-20th century; rather, his most notable achievement is with respect to the fact that he led this civil rights movement and carefully and painstakingly sought the ways in which it could be promoted so that it could affect the greatest benefit towards the exhibition of civil rights within the United States. Naturally,

Is there a legitimacy of IMF duties and did IMF fulfill its promises Essay

Is there a legitimacy of IMF duties and did IMF fulfill its promises - Essay Example The fund was also charged with the responsibility of availing its resources to member states facing hardships in their balance of payments, and lessening as well as shortening the degree of imbalance in the global balance of payments to its member states (Soros, 2002: pp 116). The IMF has contributed to positive change in numerous member countries since its establishment. At its inception, it undertook the daunting task of restoring economic growth and stability, especially after the world war, and the aftermath of the great global depression. The IMF adopted a simple working principle that all countries share some fundamental economic goals; that include achievement of high income and employment levels, and that countries can achieve these goals by adopting solid macroeconomic policies, collaborating to make international monetary systems work efficiently and making their economies accessible to trade (Camdessus, 1998). It has not been easy for IMF since the global economy has had its successes and challenges, especially during the fund's initial years. For all the countries that adopted the IMF principles, their employment rates rose, their national incomes grew, and their trade expanded immensely, ushering in almost fifty years of global prosperity. The global economy is much more com... Also, there are now various exchange rate arrangements which have replaced the initial fixed exchange rate system, with IMF member states increasing from just forty in 1947 to 182 currently (Camdessus, 1998). During these developments, the fund has also had to change and develop itself in order to remain relevant and address the changing needs and demands. The fund now temporarily provides and advices members undergoing wide ranging circumstances and problems. The fund has also expanded its scope to incorporate other elements contributing to stability in the financial systems and economic growth. The fund now advocates for its members deregulating their domestic economies to boost private sector activities. Moreover, it has called for the member governments to reduce unfruitful government spending, spend more on basic human needs, ensure accountability in corporate and government affairs and a more efficient dialogue on economic policies with the civil society and labor (Camdessus, 1998). The IMF has helped its members in dealing with various problems and issues that were not anticipated at the institution's establishment. For instance, the fund helped in creating a mechanism to recycle the surpluses of oil exporters and helped in financing oil-related deficits in some countries during the 1970s energy crisis. In the 1980s, the fund helped the Latin American countries in overcoming a debt crisis (Camdessus, 1998). In 1989, IMF helped in designing and financing substantial global efforts required to help the 26 transition countries of Eastern Europe and the former USSR to abandon the legacy of centralized planning. Between 1994 and 1995, IMF helped Mexico out

KFC PESTEL Analysis for International Expansion

KFC PESTEL Analysis for International Expansion BACKGROUND OF COMPANY Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) was founded in Corbin, Kentucky by Harland Sanders. He was born on a small farm in Henryville, Indiana, United States in 1890. He likes cooking and inventing a new recipe. He tried to mix eleven herbs and spices with wheat flour, he was success with his work and he had a secret recipe for cooking chicken. During the 1930s he tried to develop and became known. The States governor named Harland Sanders an honorary Kentucky Colonel at the first time. Second he developed a unique, quick method of spicing and pressure because he had opened a 142-seat restaurant, a motel and a gas station. In 1950 he decided to close his restaurant because the customers decreased but he invested the first franchise in 1952 and also 105 USD with the secret recipe. He sold 5 percent per piece chicken for copyright. In 1964 an investor group bought Kentucky Fried Chicken and made a deal that Sander was Kentucky Fried Chicken ambassador for helping and giving suggestion to them. In 1971 Kentucky Fried Chicken join with Connecticut-based especially in food and in 1986 Kentucky Fried Chicken had a big chance that Soft-Drink giant PepsiCo bought Kentucky Fried Chicken for $840 million from RJR Nabisco. They prepared to separate KFC, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell to be a new Corporation under the name Tricon Global Restaurant and they had revenue. From that time Kentucky Fried Chicken became well known until KFC that we went to eat fried chicken nowadays. KFC GOING INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Nowadays we can find Kentucky Fried Chicken everywhere and the taste of the fried chicken is special. We can taste the KFCs product in our country although they are from overseas. That is meaning that KFC going international. They are doing international business to increase their revenue. They sold their products such as the food and also they hold they service. They are going to international business to expand their market around the world. Even though their domestic market far from the original place in United States, Kentucky Fried Chicken continued their internationality well, especially in Asia. KFC took an aggressive construction plan that called for average of non-United States unit to be built per day. With the expectation by 1995 the number of international units would exceed those in the United States. In 1996 the PepsiCo prepared itself of its restaurant by drawing together Pizza Hut, KFC, and Taco Bell. A single senior manager tried to overseen this operation and also all transaction between them. Kentucky Fried Chicken went to international business well and they joined the group brand. They growth under Tricon/Yum Brands and they had some benefit from the hands-on management style of David Novak the head of Tricon. They called Tricon is the parent of KFC and Tricon came up with one solution that growth at the beginning of 1998. They opened multibrand stores which are combined between two or three of the Tricon chains. In 2002 they changed its name to Yum! Brands and developed 1,375 multibrand stores. Eventually they could sales reached $4.8 billion in 2002 and KFC controlled around 46 percent United States fast food chicken market. Kentucky Fried Chicken was the most recognized foreign in China in 2001 where KFC had 500 restaurants there, about 300 outlets in Thailand and in Indonesia more than 150 restaurants. They can adapt with the local tastes with their secret recipes and they successfully the navigated the political and regulatory climate. They profits increased by close to 50 percent for its combine with China in 2000 and figured by any domestic division. In 2006 they could increased their profit and had 1,700 restaurants in China more than tripling in around five years. Kentucky Fried Chicken was opening a new Chinese outlet in every 22 hours. Their politic is very good in marketing. They hope eventually the number of KFC restaurant in China as in United States. Thus while the United States market had continued to slumber for Kentucky Fried Chicken had been run by Tricon/Yum! Overseas Kentucky Fried Chicken had a powerful force. This is the table of Yum! Brands, Inc. Presence and Competitive. Countries WHY KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN DIFFERENT WITH ACROSS COUNTRIES AND HOME COMPANY? They have differences between across countries and home country because they Kentucky Fried Chicken had a good management and also the secret recipe has long been a source of their advertising. Kentucky Fried Chicken was the first chain to enter the fast-food industry and also Kentucky Fried Chicken is the most worlds popular chicken restaurant chain. They had more than 11,000 outlets around the world in 85 countries. Kentucky Fried Chicken could go international with their struggles to pass the global competition. Even in fact they have 8 million customers in each day. KFC has early into the fast-food industry and they develop their strong brand name recognition and strong foothold in the industry. For example is their new logo was the only one which significantly enhance the brands image (the founder of KFCs image). Even though Kentucky Fried Chicken went overseas, they stayed on themselves. The traditional loyalty employees were worked in this company. The management gave comfortableness to their employee. Such as a pension, and could receive help with other non-income needs. So the employee prefers to work in the Kentucky Fried Chicken. They different with other companies that operating efficiencies are achieved through improvements in customer service, cleaner restaurant, faster and friendlier service, and continued high-quality products but KFC is different that they improve the operating efficiencies by reducing overhead and other operating costs can directly affect operating profit. At this time Kentucky Fried Chicken is better than the others. Kentucky Fried Chicken has a multibranding strategy to achieve their goals. KFC is a publicly traded company with responsibilities to all shareholders. There are many investor tried to invest in their company. In their home country United States there are companies which just tried not to pass the globalization. KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE All form of the competition in sport as well in the business, are won by those with the best advantages. The most popular ways to make the differences between themselves by sharing an article, Kentucky Fried Chicken shared their product in many ways. They made in the website and so many others way. They can get the competitive advantage by hold their fried chicken tasted and use the secret recipe to achieve it. They sell food in a fast, friendly environment that appeal to pride conscious health to mind the consumers. Thats their mission and they used the strategy to achieve them. These are the strategy of KFC. They develop the product. For example make the better tasted or stayed on the tastes before. They increased the variety on menu to make the costumer interested and feel better if they choose Kentucky Fried Chicken as the place to have their food. Introduced the desert menu and buffet to restaurant. Even though KFC comes from United States, they also introduce on the neighborhood program. The item targets are the African American like Greens, Macaroni and Cheese, Peach cobbler, and Red beans rice. About the place of the restaurant they choose all the aspect public places like in mall, university, hospital, airport, stadium, amusement park, office building, and mobile units. Kentucky Fried Chicken has evolved through different organizational changes that brought because the changes of the ownership that followed from the beginning of Kentucky Fried Chicken. Their other strategy is working with to make improving the operating efficiencies. I elimination of overhead cost and increased efficiency they were the center. KFC emphasized customer service, and high-quality products. KFC is including the sales company because they sell the products. As of 1995, Kentucky Fried Chicken was the sixth ranked in the United States sales fast-food chains. This is the table of the Fast-Food Chains: In the over past seven years from 1987-1994, Kentucky Fried Chicken worldwide has grown in the around on average rate 8.2 percent. The world has gone to the more healthy living and this is the chance off KFC to meet the changing demands society with make a changes on their menu just like Honey BBQ Chicken, Popcorn Chicken, Rotisserie Chicken and they had begun promoting the lunch and dinner buffets. The buffets are very important in Kentucky Fried Chicken because it can persuade customer to dine-in instead of take out. KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN CULTURE Kentucky Fried Chicken has culture. In United States they can not life without work hard because the people there prefer to work to unemployed. They work fast so the order can be served in a second. Not only work fast but also they work accurate it means that they work in really work. Also in the employee had the committee and they have an organization except the KFC management. Their restaurant buildings are built according to their logo picture. Even though the restaurant in the different country the building of their restaurant almost same. KFC is really appreciating the government law. They follow all the rule and growth and be famous just like nowadays. Every one knows what KFC is. Those are their company culture because they come from the United States. Kentucky Fried Chicken also has the corporate culture. They had a small competition or they called it just like a game between the employee just like the faster and or the fastest worker of them. Not only the games they had a special greeting to the customer. The customers feel comfortable and they prefer Kentucky Fried Chicken. They apply the royalty system to take a summary of expected and be received from the sale of the units of franchises. The royalties after the re-franchising is complete will not include in the budget in the proposed program. We sure that their corporate culture gain their business to be success with their own culture the customer feel different with other corporation. Doesnt matter if the restaurant is overseas they use the same culture. But they adapt with the culture of the country where they stayed. By the corporate culture they can make they strategic management. The first is Market Development, that Kentucky Fried Chicken introduces their present and new products and services into the new geographic areas. Product Development, in this step they bring back the rotisserie chicken. And the last part is Concentric Diversification; in this they can add more customer and they service variety to them. KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN P. E. S. T. E. L. ANALYSIS Kentucky Fried Chicken had PESTEL (Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal) analysis that can change their International Business strategy. POLITICAL Kentucky Fried Chicken provides the fast-food service. To achieve their goals they make a political system that can guide them or they called as a guide service. This political system could change their business strategy and make the progress to their company. For example, they have employee that run the activity in the restaurant. They make a contract with the employee and make a pension fee. They also provide the alternative in buying KFC. KFC Hospice Dinners that delivering a caring out reach to the terminally ill. The Hospice delivers meals to the terminally ill nationwide. These meals are delivered directly to the patient in their own house. We always called that a delivery orders. The customers feel better when they enjoyed this system. KFC Cafeterias which offering dishes competitors. And KFC Grocery Products which The Cornel is always home. ECONOMICAL If we talked about the economy aspect, we talked about the fund or money. Kentucky Fried Chicken provides the lower price. They have a food packet; just like we buy the packet we can get the discount or something that support us to buy there again. In this economic analysis we find the benefit of economical that changes the strategy of international business of Kentucky Fried Chicken. They can grow up with the lower price and the satisfying service. SOCIAL Kentucky Fried Chicken is one of the International Company which has begun their company early and nowadays they are one of the biggest companies in the world. Why the KFC can be the biggest company. Kentucky Fried Chicken built they social connection with others organization or the company around the world. Beside that in their restaurant, they also provide the food that the tasted is related with the tasted in the country they took the place to build the restaurant. In addition abut the employee, they are worked the people from the country which are have a good performance and have a talent in cooking for the chef. KFC also supported the many of events, they help the committee by sponsored the event. Sometimes they give the donation to the poor people. With this social activity they company will be known. TECHNOLOGICAL In this analysis, Kentucky Fried Chicken can go out of their home country. They use the modernization technology to advertise their product. They make a website of KFC so easily we just search in internet what do we want about KFC and so many information about KFC. There are also many transactions that do by internet and the KFC just delivered the order to the customer address. In our country they have the phone number that can contact if we want to order some food. Sometimes the customer lazy to go out to buy some food, this is the reason they make an order delivered. ENVIRONMENTAL Environment is the one of the important analysis that must be had by the company. Without environment they cant run their transaction because the environments are their customer and they get profit from the product that has been bought. Many people like Kentucky Fried Chicken Company because they are not like the industrial company. KFC Company does not disturb the public activity by make a noisy. They just invite the environment to come to the restaurant to enjoy their food. LEGAL Kentucky Fried Chicken is the legal company. They growth under the Yum! Brands. They gather with Pizza Hut and Mc. Donalds that they are the food company. This legal analysis guides them to go overseas because the companies which want to going international business are the legal company. They also can hold their recipe because it has been legality so no one can steal it. In other hands, the employee also protect from the stealing cooking recipes. Kentucky Fried Chicken Company can growth bigger and bigger. They are legal so every activity is done in legal system. THREE MAJOR ELEMENTS PESTEL OF KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN POLITICAL Kentucky Fried Chicken has the political analysis. Their politic analysis is their directive to run the restaurant. They use politic to solve the problem. Because of the current devaluation, their profits are greatly reduced. For example in Mexico which has a largely unskilled labor pool that provides little stability. In this case they got so many challenges to be solved. Political analysis is worked here. They made strategic alternatives to solve the problem. The strategic alternatives for KFC are follows: Re-franchise all company owned the Mexican units franchises. Completely divest KFC of Mexican operations. Leave Mexico as is and grow other foreign markets. The strategic that mention below are the political of Kentucky Fried Chicken to solve the problem in Mexico. Even though they try to the best sometimes they measure has the advantages and disadvantages. We can not imagine if Kentucky Fried Chicken Company does not have a political analysis. The company has been closed for a long time. But know we can see that Kentucky Fried Chicken can show their best by use the political system. In the marketing division they prepared all the best that they can. The company doesnt want the customer feel bad. They appreciate all the input from the customer so they know which one is better to be expanded. SOCIAL Kentucky Fried Chicken social analysis is one of the analyses that support the KFC progress. They have social activities in their environment such as help the people, giving the donation, etc. They built the social in their activity in their management system. For example the employee, they have the small competition to build their togetherness in doing their job. That was the social activity in the intern of company. Now we talk about the international business activities they have connection to the company around the world. Not only with the company they also have the connection with the international organization. Therefore they can going to international business through many challenge to achieve it. TECHNOLOGICAL Without technology there are no companies can achieve their mission. They public the update information about the company. Technology that they use in largely is using internet because internet is the most popular to search the information in all aspect that what we need. They made a website so we can browse easily. And also for delivering order they need a technology. The first is to advertise their product; second they use the machine to cook, using the vehicle to go to the customer place. Kentucky Fried Chicken is one of the best companies. They become popular not also from the food but some of them from the technological aspect. Sometimes from the television, banner or everything that the KFCs advertisement was publish by using the technological analysis. In additional, Kentucky Fried Chicken can compute all the probability even in loss or profit. The technological is important to prove this statement. They have their own software system to make their activity can run well. Nowadays every activity is using the technological system. In cashier, kitchen, marketing, service, so many other activities. CONCLUSION If we research all the explanation about Kentucky Fried Chicken Company we can conclude that they are the big company which has been known around the world. They have a good management, secret recipe, international business strategy that supports KFC to be adhered in the customers mind. They gather all the aspect to make them perfect. They have PESTEL analysis. These are the things that guide the company to be better and hope they can make the perfect company or at least can reach the brighter future.

The Contributions of Blacks to the Arts :: essays papers

The Contributions of Blacks to the Arts The Contibutions of Black Americans to the Arts â€Å"†¦ Without a continuous bond uniting men, without a continuous current of shared thought, †¦ there could be no living worthy of being called human.† Richard Wright spoke these words in his autobiography Black Boy. He, as well as many other black Americans have displayed exmplemtory talent in the arts. As a matter of fact, blacks have contributed their talents to the arts, for many years, especially in the areas of painting, literature, and music. Many people are unaware of the contributions black people have made to the art of painting. Painters such as Benny Andrews and Jacob Lawerence have expressed the pain and joys share through their paintings. Jacob Lawerence, whose styles range from expressionism to cubism, is famous for the painting Grand Performance. The painting show blacks coming together in the performing arts. On the other hand, Benny Andrews is an artist that conveys his meaning through allegory. He is, however, known for his contribution to the Black Emergency Cultural Coalition. He was one of the firsts to start this organization which protested against the underepresentation of black art. Another art that blacks influenced is literature. For example, Richard Wright was one of the first writers to address and protest against the racism problem in America. In his book, Native Son, he shows how a black boy is driven to kill a white woman. He also wrote essays for a book written by former communists who were displeased with the party. Most of his works show the struggles of black Americans. Likewise, novelist Toni Morrison writes about the struggles of black females. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature and in the late 1980s, she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for her book Beloved. This book shows the effects of slavery on a former slave after the war. Morrison is not the only woman to receive awards for work. Maya Angelou given many awards, including Grammys in 1994 and 1996. She received the one for the recording of her poem â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† recited at President Clinton’s inauguration and one for â€Å"Phenomenal Woman.† She along with many others has shown explemary talent in literature. Beginning as early as slavery, blacks have impacted music dearly. Jazz, a form of music stemming from gospel, is a form of expression. One famous jazz musician was the trumpet player Miles Davis.

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Humans first sustained themselves as hunters & gatherers ; Hunters were responsible for killing and capturing animal and using their hung t for food, clothing, or tools; Gatherers were learned how to tell which plants or fruits we re edible ; Early technology consisted of shaping stones into tools and weapons for hunt ; Mostly nomadic societies that had a migration pattern depending on the movement of game and/ or the seasonal growth of plants Major Migrations: 1.East Africa-. Australia-. Middle East-?. Europe-. Asia 2. Asia AL and Bridge) *The Americas The Neolithic Revolution: The Revolution- ; In 8000 B. C. E. Human beings began to develop settled communities Settling was based on successful cultivation of crops and domestication of ann. malls ; the revolution itself occurred independently , in various locations, over a large time period Each agricultural hearth developed different farming practices that worked WI the their own land features Revolution Outcomes: 1.There was more c onstant food supply now that people started controlling food production and animal domestication. . With greater availability and easier access to food sources, much more people were able to eat. This resulted in longer life spans, and an I increasing population 3. Specialized jobs such as priests, traders, and builders are created considering not everyone is needed for food production 4.Women became responsible for raising children, cooking and cleaning while men controlled agricultural production and worked. This resulted into patriarchal systems , where males became dominant in family life, the economy, and the government. 5. Settled peoples considered themselves superior when compared to the remain inning hunters and gatherers, creating social distinctions between the two groups.Vegetative Planting-? ; first form of plant cultivation (according to Carl Saucer) ; plants are produced from direct cloning by cutting stems & dividing roots ; originated in Southeast Asia ; settled peo ple participated in a lot of fishing and hunting ; first domesticated plants/crops include taro, yam, banana, and palm ; first domesticated animals were most likely dogs, pigs, and chickens ; other vegetative planting hearths were West Africa and Northwestern South A America Vegetative planting Diffusion from Southeast Asia:Seed Agriculture-? Eastern Hemisphere: Carl Saucer identified 3 hearths which included western India, northern China, and Ethiopia In SW Asia, wheat & barley were domesticated, along with cattle, sheep, & ago TTS ; Herding animals were used for plowing, meat, skins, and milk ; Millet diffused from the northern China hearth ; Both millet and sorghum were domesticated in Ethiopia Diffusion of in Eastern Hemisphere: 1. SW Asia *Europe *North Africa *India *Indus River Valley 2.NW China ;South Asia -9 SE Asia Western Hemisphere: ; Two identified hearths: southern Mexico & northern Peru Mexico was the origin point for squash and corn (maize) ; Per was the origin point for beans, cotton, and squash ; The Europeans coming to the Western Hemisphere in the 1 5th century create d widespread diffusion in agriculture Innovations: Irrigation allowed water to be channeled to fields ; Fields were plowed to loosen soil Fences kept animals from entering agricultural fields.

Impact of Monetary Policy on Companies Profitability and Its Valuation Essays

Impact of Monetary Policy on Companies Profitability and Its Valuation Essays Impact of Monetary Policy on Companies Profitability and Its Valuation Essay Impact of Monetary Policy on Companies Profitability and Its Valuation Essay Meaning of monetary policy Monetary policy is the management of money supply and interest rates by central banks to influence prices and employment. Monetarypolicy works through expansion or contraction of investment and consumption expenditure. Monetary policy is the process by which the government, central bank (RBI in India), or monetary authority of a country controls : (i) The supply of money (ii) Availability of money (iii) Cost of money or rate of interest In order to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy. Monetary theory provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy. Monetary policy is referred to as either being an expansionary policy, or a contractionary policy, where an expansionary policy increases the total supply of money in the economy, and a contractionary policy decreases the total money supply. Expansionary policy is traditionally used to combat unemployment in a recession by lowering interest rates, while contractionary policy involves raising interest rates in order to combat inflation. Monetary policy is contrasted with fiscal policy, which refers to government borrowing, spending and taxation. Credit policy is not only a policy concerned with changes in the supply of credit but it can be and is much more than this. Credit is not merely a matter of aggregate supply, but becomes more important factor since there is also issue of its allocation among competing users. There are various sources of credit and other aspects of credit that need to be looked into are its cost and other terms and conditions, duration, renewal, risk of default etc. Thus the potential domain of credit policy is very wide. Where currency is under a monopoly of issuance, or where there is a regulated system of issuing currency through banks which are tied to a central bank, the monetary authority has the ability to alter the money supply and thus influence the interest rate in order to achieve policy goals. Monetary policy, also described as money and credit policy, concerns itself with the supply of money as so of credit to the economy. Objective of monetary policy The objectives are to maintain price stability and ensure adequateflow of credit to the productive sectors of the economy. Stability ofthe national currency (after looking at prevailing economicconditions), growth in employment and income are also looked into. The monetary policy affects the real sector through long and variable periods while the financial markets are also impacted through shorttermimplications. Major objectives can be summarized as under: i) To promote and encourage economic growth in the economy amp; ensure the economic stability at full employment or potential level of output. It aims to achieve the twin objectives of meeting in full the needs of production and trade, and at the same time moderating the growth of money supply to contain the inflationary pressures in the economy. ii) Sectorial deployment of Funds. Depending upon the priorities laid down in the plans, the RBI has determined the allocation of funds, as also the interest rates among the different sectors. There are four main channels which the RBI looks at: * Quantum channel: money supply and credit (affects real outputand price level through changes in reserves money, moneysupply and credit aggregates). * Interest rate channel. Exchange rate channel (linked to the currency). * Asset price. Price stability has evolved as the dominant objective of monetary policy for sustaining economic growth and ensuring orderly conditions in the financial markets with increasing openness of the Indian economy The fundamentalidea is that it is only in a low and stable inflation environment that economic growt h can be continued. Monetary policy also aims to be directly supportive of growth by ensuring that the credit requirements of various segments are met adequately through an appropriate credit delivery and credit pricing mechanism and a conducive credit culture. Monetary decisions today take into account a wider range of factors, such as: * short term interest rates; * long term interest rates; * velocity of money through the economy; * exchange rate * credit quality * bonds and equities (corporate ownership and debt) * government versus private sector spending/savings * international capital flow of money on large scales * financial derivatives such as options, swaps and future contracted. Monetary policy tools The monetary authority uses various instruments of monetary control in order to influence the goal variables in desired directions and degrees. The target variables are variables which the monetary authority tries to control or influence so as to influence the goal variables in the desired manner. To serve the target function well, a chosen target variable should possess the following four qualifications: a) It should be closely related to goal variables and this relation should be well understood and reliably estimable, b) It should be rapidly affected by policy instruments, c) Non-policy influences on it should be relatively small,i. , small relative to policy influences, and d) It should be readily observable (a measurable) with little or no time lag. Traditionally three variables have served as candidates for monetary-policy targets. They are: money supply, bank credit, and interest rates in securities market. Various Monetary policy tools are: i. Monetary base Monetary policy can be implemented by changing the size of the monetary base. This directly changes the total amount of money circulating in the economy. A centra l bank can use open market operations to change the monetary base. The central bank would buy/sell bonds in exchange for hard currency. When the central bank disburses/collects this hard currency payment, it alters the amount of currency in the economy, thus altering the monetary base. ii. Reserve requirements The monetary authority exerts regulatory control over banks. Monetary policy can be implemented by changing the proportion of total assets that banks must hold in reserve with the central bank. Banks only maintain a small portion of their assets as cash available for immediate withdrawal; the rest is invested in illiquid assets like mortgages and loans. By changing the proportion of total assets to be held as liquid cash, the Federal Reserve changes the availability of loanable funds. This acts as a change in the money supply. Central banks typically do not change the reserve requirements often because it creates very volatile changes in the money supply due to the lending multiplier. iii. Discount window lending Many central banks or finance ministries have the authority to lend funds to financial institutions within their country. By calling in existing loans or extending new loans, the monetary authority can directly change the size of the money supply. v. Interest rates The contraction of the monetary supply can be achieved indirectly by increasing the nominal interest rates. Monetary authorities in different nations have differing levels of control of economy-wide interest rates. The Federal Reserve can set the discount rate, as well as achieve the desired Federal funds rate by open market operations. This rate has significant effect on other market interest rates, but there is no perfect relationship. In the United States open market operations are a relatively small part of the total volume in the bond market. One cannot set independent targets for both the monetary base and the interest rate because they are both modified by a single tool - open market operations; one must choose which one to control. In other nations, the monetary authority may be able to mandate specific interest rates on loans, savings accounts or other financial assets. By raising the interest rate(s) under its control, a monetary authority can contract the money supply, because higher interest rates encourage savings and discourage borrowing. Both of these effects reduce the size of the money supply. v. Currency board A currency board is a monetary arrangement which pegs the monetary base of a country to that of an anchor nation. As such, it essentially operates as a hard fixed exchange rate, whereby local currency in circulation is backed by foreign currency from the anchor nation at a fixed rate. Thus, to grow the local monetary base an equivalent amount of foreign currency must be held in reserves with the currency board. This limits the possibility for the local monetary authority to inflate or pursue other objectives. 1. Instruments of monetary policy in India The monetary policy is nothing but controlling the supply of Money. The RBI takes a look at the present levels and also takes a call on what should be the desired level to promote growth, bring stability of price (low inflation) and foreign exchange. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as a designated monetary authority has no control over the deficit financing of the central government and only limited control over its foreign exchange assets, we discuss below in detail the instruments of control used by the RBI: : A. Quantitative measures: 1. Open Market operations: It means the purchase and sale of securities by central bank of the country. The sale of security by the central bank leads to contraction of credit and purchase thereof to credit expansion. It is useful for the developed countries. In India, the RBI enters into sale and purchase of government securities and treasury bills. So the RBIcan pump money into circulation by buying back the securities and vice versa. In absence of an independent security market (all Banks are state owned); this is not really effective in India. The major Limitations are that * When the central bank purchases the securities the cash reserve of member bank will be increased and vice versa. The bank will expand and contract credit according to prevailing economic and political circumstances and not merely with reference to their cash reserves. * When the commercial bank cash balance increase the demand for loan and advance should increase. This may not happen due to economic and political uncertainty. * The circulation of bank credit should have a constant velocity. 2. Bank rate policy :Popularly known as repo rate and reverse repo rate, it is the rate at which the RBI and the Banks buy or exchange money. This results into the flow of bank credit and thusaffects the money supply. Bank rate- It is the minimum rate at which the central bank of a country provides loan to the commercial bank of the country. Bank rate is also called discount rate because bank provides finance to the commercial bank by rediscounting the bills of exchange. When general bank raises the bank rate, the commercial bank raises their lending rates;it results in fewer borrowings and reduces money supply in the economy. Reverse repo rate– It is the rate that RBI offers the banks for parking their funds with it. Reverse repo operations suck out liquidity from the system. Major limitation is that : * Well organized money market should exist in the economy. Repo rate * It is introduced through which RBI can add to liquidity in the banking system. Through repo system RBI buys securities from the bank and there by provide funds to them. * Repo refers to agreement for a transaction between RBI and banks through which RBI supplies funds immediately against government securities and simultaneously agree to repurchase the same or similar securities after a specified time which may be one day to 14 days. A repurchase agreement or ready forward deal is a secured short-term (usually 15 days) loan by one bank to another against government securities. * Legally, the borrower sells the securities to the lending bank for cash, with the stipulation that at the end of the borrowing term, it will buy back the securities at a slightly higher price, the difference in price representing the interest. 3. Cash Reserve ratio (CRR): This is the percentage of total deposits that the banks have to keep with RBI. And this instrument can change the money supply overnight. Changing cash reserve ratio is an excellent instrument of control. The bank has to keep certain amount of bank money with themselves as reserves against deposits. * The increase in the cash rate leads to the contraction of credit only when the banks excess reserves. * The decrease in the cash rate leads to the expansion of credit and banks tends to make more available to borrowers. . 4. Statutory Liquidity Requirement (SLR)amp;liquidity adjustment facility ( LAF )-this is the proportion of deposits which Banks have to keep liquid in addition to CRR. This also has a bearing on money supply. * LAF is the instrument of monetary policy from June 2000 to adjust on daily basis liquidity in the banking system. * Through LAF, RBI regulates short-term interest rates while its bank rate policy serves as a signaling device for its interest rate policy in the intermediate period. RRBs are required t o maintain SLR at 25 per cent of their NDTL in cash or gold or in unencumbered government and other approved securities. Unlike in the case of scheduled commercial banks, balances maintained in call or fixed deposits by RRBs with their sponsor banks are treated as â€Å"cash† and hence, reckoned towards their maintenance of SLR. As a prudential measure, it is desirable on the part of all RRBs to maintain their entire SLR portfolio in government and other approved securities, which many of them are already doing. All RRBs may maintain their entire SLR holdings in government and other approved securities. B. Qualitative measures: 1. Credit rationing: Imposing limits and charging higher/lower rates of interests in selective sectors are what you see is being done byRBI. 2. Moral suasion: We hear of RBIs directive of priority lending in Agriculture sector. Seems more of a directive rather than persuasion. It implies the central bank exerting pressure on banks by using oral and written appeals to expand or restrict credit in line with its credit policy. It is a combination of persuasion and pressure which RBI is always in a position to use on banks in general and errant banks in particular. This is exercised through discussions, letters, speeches, and hints thrown to banks. This can be used by the RBI to urge banks to keep a large proportion of their assets in the form of government securities, lend their helping hand to develop a broad and active market in treasury bills and government securities, and not borrow excessively from the bank when it is engaged in fighting the forces of inflation. The main interst sensitive sectors are banking sector,automobile sectorand real estate sector Let me examine how the monetary policy impact on the major interast sensitive sectors ie banking sector and automobile sector. oth sectors are linked with the policy measurs of the RBI. the change in interst rate casues a big impact on the profit earning capacity of the two sector companies Firstly the banking sector . This  analysis  takes  a look at  Indian monetary  policy  and  how it  will  impact:   Ã‚  Ã‚   a. Banks   Profitability b. Availability   of  Ã‚   funds  Ã‚   to   trade   and  Ã‚   industry   Ã‚  Ã‚   c. Other   factor Interest on loans are the main income of the banks. when the reserve bank take an action which effect interest rate it will affect the banks income and profitability. It may be positive or negative. Cost of fund will increase and it will reduce banks net interest margin to keep the net interest margin all banks raises lending rates When RBI hikes CRR it will directly affect by the profitability of banking companies. When RBI increase the CRR it will cause reducing the deposits available with the banks to make loans . Banks charge a very high interest rate on the loans they give. Banks take this measurer to retain the profit rate which earned during former CRR rate.. when the lending rate are high, general public and corporate postpone heir work to future period. so this cause to reduse the lending from banks,then the profit will decrease If the RBI reduce the CRR and SLR rate ,the banks can give more loans at lower interest rate. the low interst rate attract more companies and people to take loan. so this cause to increase the profit of the banks Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)| 6. 00% (w. e. f. 24/04/2010)| Increased from 5. 00% to 5. 50% wef 13/02/2010; and then again to 5. 75% wef 2 7/02/2010; and now to 6. 00% wef 24/04/2010| Now the CRR is 6. 00%. it from 24-4-2010. RBI increased CRR from 5. 00% to 6. 00% during the 4th quarter of 2009-2010 and 1st quarter of 2010-11. this change also change the net interest margin of the banks. 1% increase caused a negative impact of the profitability of the banks. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)| 24%(w. e. f. 18/12/2010)| Decreased from 25% which was continuing since 07/11/2009| No more change in the SLR rate after 7-11-2009 have made an impact on the profit earning capacity of the banks Bank rate impact It is the minimum rate at which central bank provides loan to commercial banks. It is also called discounting rate because bank provides finance to the commercial banks by rediscounting the bill of exchange. When central banks raises bank rate commercial banks raises lending rate and vice-versa When RBI rises the bank rate ,the commercial banks rasies rasies its lending rates, it will adversely impact on the profitability of banks. Bank’s net interest margin will reduce. Repo rate impact When ever there is deficient of the fund with the banks then the banks barrow money from RBI, Repo rate is the rate at which all banks barrow rupees from RBI. When RBI increase repo rate ,no banks ready to take loan from RBI. IF the RBI decrease the repo rate, bank will go to RBI to take loan at lower interest rate. If the RBI increase the rate it will reduce the profit margin. Reverse repo effect If the RBI increase the reverse repo rate banks get high interest by putting money to safe hands. but it reduce the money supply in the economy . bank not have money to give loans to public and get interest on loan. so interest earned on loans will decrease and the net interest margin reduced. Reverse Repo Rate| 6. 25% (w. e. f. 03/05/2011)| Increased from 5. 75% which was continuing since 17/03/2011 [Till 03/05/2011, reverse repo rate was an independent rate and announced by RBI. However, in the monetary policy announced on 03/05/2011, RBI has decided that now the reverse repo rate will not be announced separately, but will be linked to Repo rate. Reverse Repo rate will be 100 bps below the repo rate] | How monetary policy affect on the returns of auto sector The automotive industry remains one of the highest revenue-earning industries in India and contributed over 5% to India’s GDP in 2009, providing direct and indirect employment to more than 13 million people. The market outlook for the industry remains promising, especially in the small car segment. The Indian automobile market is currently dominated by the two-wheeler segment but with an expanding middle class population, growing earning power and industrial development, the demand for passenger cars and commercial vehicles will increase exponentially. Also, the low vehicle presence (with passenger car stock of only around 11 per 1,000 population in 2008) indicates a very low base with significant growth potential. As per ‘Just-Auto’ analyst reports, sales of passenger cars in 2008-2016 are expected to grow at a CAGR of around 10%. In addition to increased domestic demand, there is also likely to be increased investment by global auto manufacturers to India due to its strong technological capability and availability of trained manpower at competitive prices. Currently, the foreign auto companies with assembly plants in India include, General Motors, Ford, Hyundai, Honda, Suzuki, Nissan Motors, Toyota, Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda, BMW, Fiat and Mercedes Benz. With the introduction of the Tata Nano, the cheapest car in the world at USD 2200, and FDI from Suzuki Motor Corp, Hyundai Motor Co, and Nissan Motor Co to make India their manufacturing hub for small cars, India has made huge inroads in the compact car segment. In fact, in 2009, India overtook China in the global auto exports of compact cars for the first time. Increase or decrease in interest rate will directly affect the automobile industry because a majority of people are depending on  car loans  or two wheeler  loans for  buying vehicle. So if the interest rates are increasing, people won’t be able to afford this and normally the demand for automobiles will come down this will have a very bad impact on the industry TATA MOTORS: TATA MOTORS Tata Motors is India’s largest automobile company It is the leader in commercial vehicles and among the top three in passenger vehicles. The company is the worlds fourth largest truck manufacturer, the worlds second largest bus manufacturer. Tata Motors has auto manufacturing and assembly plants in Jamshedpur , Pantnagar , Lucknow , Ahmedabad , Sanand and Pune in India, as well as in Argentina, South Africa and Thailand. Products : Passenger cars and utility vehicles Concept vehicles Commercial vehicles Military vehicles Financial results of tata motors 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 ) Gross revenue38,364. 1028568. 2133093. 93 2) Net revenue(excluding excise duty)35593. 0525629. 7328739. 41 3) Total expenditure31414. 7723877. 2925807. 82 4) Operating profit4178. 281752. 442931. 59 5) Other income1853. 45925. 97483. 18 6) Profit before interest and depreciation6031. 732678. 413414. 77 7) Interest and discounting charges(net)1103. 84673. 68282. 37 8) Cash profit4927. 892004. 734057. 84 Rising interest rates  had a negative impact on company because when interest rates was raised, the cost of borrowing money rosed. Ultimately, the company profitability and ability to grow was reduced. When a company profits (or earnings) dropped, its stock became less desirable, and its stock price falled . A company success comes when it sells its products . But increased interest rates negatively impact its customers. The financial health of its customers directly affected the company ability to grow sales and earnings. When interest rates rise, investors start to rethink their investment strategies i. e Investors sell shares in interest-sensitive stocks that they hold. Interest-sensitive industries include electric utilities, real estate, and the financial sector. Interest rates rises –sales effects profitability is affected dividend payments too effected. The price of a stock depends on the earnings of the company. If the earnings slow down (because of higher interest rate payments), the prices of the stocks will dip and overall, the stock market will be hit. A rise in interest rates also cools down the economy . demand for goods and services rise. If the supply is not immediately forthcoming, the price of those goods and services rise. That leads to inflation. Low interest rates are good for business, it makes it cheaper to borrow funds, invest in new projects, expand supply, etc. Low interest rates also increases consumption as  debt finance becomes cheaper and people’s disposable income rises as existing interest payments are reduced. A decrease in interest rates therefore increases revenue expectations for most businesses. car sales down as compared to the previous year. reducing costs wherever possible, consolidating brands and dropping model lines and deferring Ramp;D projects to conserve funds.

Comparison of numbers of organisms In Coniferous And Deciduous Woodlands Essay Example

Comparison of numbers of organisms In Coniferous And Deciduous Woodlands Essay Example Comparison of numbers of organisms In Coniferous And Deciduous Woodlands Paper Comparison of numbers of organisms In Coniferous And Deciduous Woodlands Paper An experiment was done to find out whether there was a difference in the number of organisms in the coniferous and deciduous woodlands. A quadrat of 10m by 10m was used and co-ordinates 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6 5,7 5,8 5,9 5,10 were used because these were exactly in the middle of the quadrat area. Ten samples of leaf litter and ten samples of humus was obtained from each woodland. In the laboratory tullgren funnels were set up, the samples were tested and the organisms were collected. A results table was made to record the numbers of organisms in. The results were displayed in graphs and tables. The graphs show the average number of each organism and the actual number of each organism in each of the woodlands. In the third graph five significant organisms have been picked out. This is because they have significant values and reasons for these values. The tullgren funnel was set up using a certain amount of the leaf litter that acted as a sieve that the organisms could fall through from the humus that was placed on top of the leaf litter. 20g of humus and 10g of leaf litter was used in the tullgren funnel because only a small amount was needed. A 100w bulb was used in both experiments (for each woodland). The organisms were driven, by the drying effect of the bulb, down the tullgren funnel and eventually they fell into the 30cm3 of ethanol. The organisms died but their bodies were preserved so that at the end of five days the different organisms in the ethanol and the larger organisms in the dried up leaf litter could be identified and recorded using a microscope and a dichotomous key. This method was used because it was the most reliable, and ensured that all organisms present were removed from the sample in the tullgren funnel. Some very small organisms that were not affected by the drying effect of the bulb were not counted. During the experiment predation between organisms were occurring, this was not accounted for. The average test and the t-test were used, because two averages were being compared and there were less than 25 unmatched organisms in each sample. The value of t = 5.524 was greater than the value given for 22 points of freedom so that the Ho (null hypothesis) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. Therefore the assumption, that the number of organisms are greater in the deciduous woodland, can be made. So the number of organisms did differ in the deciduous and coniferous woodland. The decomposition rate in the deciduous woodland is faster because organisms such as the earthworm can survive in this environment, because this environment is more alkaline than the coniferous woodland, which is more acidic. If conditions are less acidic then organisms such as the earthworm can survive and continue the fast decomposition, keeping the surrounding environment more alkaline. This is a negative feedback effect. So the number of species was greater deciduous woodland, with the exception of Springtails and small spiders. This is because these organisms have adapted to the acidic conditions of the coniferous woodland. Hypotheses Null Hypothesis (Ho) there was no difference in the number of organisms in the two soils. Alternative Hypothesis (H1) there was a difference in the number of organisms in the two soils. The Aim The aim of this investigation is to compare the difference in numbers of invertebrates in the coniferous and deciduous woodlands when samples are taken from each. The samples taken will be tested, recorded and evaluations will be made. Prediction The data collected will show that a coniferous woodland will contain fewer of the organisms that have been selected for study than in the deciduous woodland, and also that the depth of leaf litter will be considerably more in the coniferous woodland than in the deciduous woodland. Evidence In the deciduous woodland where the experiment was done, many different species of trees were growing. These trees have large, thin green leaves, to absorb the maximum amount of sunlight available. When these leaves fall off the trees to the ground, detritivores such as the worm, start the chain of decomposition. Without the detritivores the saprophytes (bacteria) cannot continue the process, after the detritivores, of breaking down the complicated organic matter. These leaves have a large surface area for detritivores to start the process of decomposition. Decomposition occurs relatively quickly therefore the layer of leaf litter will be thinner. However, in the coniferous woodland where the experiment took place there was only one species of tree and that was the pine. The pine needles are long and thin which are thought to increase the surface area for the absorption of sunlight. This surface area is also where, when the pine needles fall to the ground, the detritivores start the process of decomposition. Because of the conditions in the coniferous woodland the detritivores take longer to decompose the leaf litter. Therefore if the rate of decomposition is slow, and the rate of the pine needles falling are fast, then there will be more leaf litter on the ground of the coniferous woodland than on the floor of the deciduous woodland. The exotic conifer grows at a faster rate than the native broardleaves. Because the conifer is exotic, there are few insects and birds associated with it and so the exotic conifer is useless for use by native organisms. Because conifers are planted as a monoculture they are easy to manage (i.e. planting, weeding, fertilising, etc). But each tree needs exactly the same amount of nutrients and water because they are of the same species. This causes a deficiency of nutrients in the soil and so fertilisers have to be used. This could eventually lead to pest epidemics and so pesticides may also be needed. When a monoculture is planted, all the trees are of the same age and so are easily managed because there is little variation in height. The conifer woodlands and forests are planted in straight lines and are therefore easier to manage. However, this arrangement looks odd and unnatural because trees in a deciduous woodland are not planted in this way. If the conifers are planted densely then this ensures reduced side branch growth and increased height (therefore increasing the value of the timber). If all the trees are removed at the same time there will be a drastic change of the landscape which may result in a large amount of soil erosion. Variables * Light intensity in the coniferous woodland = 3.5 * Light intensity in the deciduous woodland = 3.5 * Temperature in the coniferous woodland = 28oC * Temperature in the deciduous woodland = 27oC Syllabus Areas Climate (i.e. local and micro climates, vegetation, landuse, topography). The Lithosphere (i.e. soils, nutrients, acidity). Ecological Relationships (i.e. ecosystems). Soil (i.e. conservation, cultivation techniques). Mathematical Skills (i.e. plotting graphs, understanding graphs, etc).

Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Contract - Essay Example All three cases are of Contract. The basic principle of contract law is "[t]he purpose of the law is to put the plaintiff in as good a position as he would have been in had the defendant kept his contract." 1 Principle of Incorporation: Within this principle, specifically the concept of mutual understanding is applicable which is â€Å"derived from the conduct of the parties that the conduct of hire was to be based on one of the party’s usual conditions’. 3 The first issue in the first scenario is whether or not the words â€Å"excellent reputation for being reliable† constitutes a misrepresentation, due to the fact that LLL were unreliable by arriving late and sending a limousine that was not clean and up to the mark. This was a common understanding developed that the service will be of good quality and presentable. The above statement could be seen as a mere puff (sales talk) which is not considered to be a statement of fact as courts would treat such as idle boasts with no contractual significance as in Dimmock v Hallet where the statement â€Å"Fertile and Improvable† was considered to have insufficient substance to be classed as a representation. Also the statement could be seen as an opinion as in Economides v Commercial Union Assurance Co Plc (1997) where estimate of content given to the insurance was considered to be a statement of opinion as he was not an expert thus not a misrepresentation. On the other hand, the above statement could be considered as opinion of a person in a better position to know the facts in which case it is misrepresentation as in Smith v Land & House Property Corporation where it was held that a statement of opinion from someone who knows the fact best is a statement of fact as the knowledge of fact justify the opinion. Furthermore, the statement was made by one party to the other i.e. LLL to AAA and if Lynda relied and acted on the statement to make her decision to give the contract to LLL, although the

Dental School Applicataion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dental School Applicataion - Essay Example ks at the clinic have been to develop x-ray films and set up trays for treatments, but, I also had the opportunity to observe doctors performing root canal treatments and various Endodontic procedures. Dental procedures and the use of instruments have not been the only aspects of dentistry that I learned there. The doctors I have been working with are graduate dental students. I was able to observe how much time and efforts they have invested to succeed there. The doctors always shared with me that their hard work has always paid off at the end when patients thank them and tell them how dental treatments make their lives easier. To explore different fields in dentistry, I have also volunteered at the Dental Fear Research Clinic at the University of Washington, School of Dentistry for five months, from three to five hours a week. This clinic specializes in patients that have some type of dental fears. I was very impressed to observe Dr. Tar-Chee Aw at work with his team of dental assistants and psychologists, seeking the best methods to relieve the patient’s anxieties and discomforts. My experiences at the dental clinics shaped my desire to help people with oral health needs. These lessons have been invaluable to me to succeed in a dental school. I am also planning to volunteer in a community (public) clinic and a private clinic in the near future. I have also had the opportunity to learn many laboratory techniques from my prior experiences in different laboratories. I have worked in a Biochemistry laboratory since my freshman year. The focus of our research is to study the metabolic mechanisms of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast species), especially the interaction between BMH and ADR1 proteins, which are known to be involved in transcription regulation of the carbohydrate utilization in yeast. The focus is to identify the specific binding site of BMH to ADR1 and how this affects the glucose ´s repressible pathway in the metabolism. This research is not only